<p>The Anglican Church of St John The Baptist in Chilcompton, within the English county of Somerset, was built in the 15th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The earliest church on the site was recorded in 1188 when it was given to Wells Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The perpendicular embattled two stage tower dates from around 1460 and contains six bells. The nave and aisles were completed in 1839 by Jesse Gane and the chancel and flanking chapels in 1897, as part of a Victorian restoration, by Frederick Bligh Bond. An enclosed modern structure links it to the adjoining parish hall.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 the church was added to the Heritage at Risk register because of water and frost damage to the stonework. A grant for the repair of the roof has been made available.</p><br>
<p>The ecclesiastical parish is now united with that of Saint Vigor at Stratton-on-the-Fosse forming part of the benefice of Chilcompton with Downside and Stratton on the Fosse within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church Of St Leonard in Butleigh, within the English county of Somerset, was built in the 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The earliest church on the site was from the Anglo-Saxon period and part of this may still form part of the door. At the time of the Domesday Book the church and village were property of Glastonbury Abbey.</p><br>
<p>The stone church underwent Victorian restoration and was extended in the middle of the 19th century for George Neville-Grenville by John Chessell Buckler who installed a new hammerbeam roof.</p><br>
<p>Inside the church is a 15th-century octagonal font and a Jacobean alter table along with several monuments and memorials. The largest, by Lucius Gahagan includes a poem by Robert Southey and is to three seafaring Hood brothers including Alexander Hood and Samuel Hood who were the sons of the Vicar of Butleigh. There is also a Hood family chest tomb in the churchyard.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Baltonsborough with Butleigh, West Bradley and West Pennard within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Leonard in Farleigh Hungerford, within the English county of Somerset, was consecrated in 1443. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>It was once within the outer walls of Farleigh Hungerford Castle but is now separated from it by the main road. Thomas Hungerford did not want the local peasants entering the chapel within the castle, and wanted to use it as his chantry, and as a result organised the construction of the new church.</p><br>
<p>The church has a perpendicular style West Tower in three stages, with a pair of stone gargoyles on each face. There are the remains of some 14th-century stained glass in the north window of the nave and in the east Chancel window which are of Flemish origin. The church also contains a 17th-century wooden altar rail carved with open work scrolls and figures. The pulpit dates from the early 18th century and is carved with eagles and angels.</p><br>
<p>The church underwent Victorian restoration in 1856.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Hardington Vale within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Priory in Church Square, Midsomer Norton, within the English county of Somerset was rebuilt in the early or mid 17th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The present structure incorporates parts of an earlier building which may date back to 1170.</p><br>
<p>It is a two storey stone building with slate roofs and incorporate paneling from the nearby Church of St John the Baptist. The front of the building was probably added in 1712 to an earlier timber framed structure.</p><br>
<p>The building was owned, from the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538, by Christ Church, Oxford who sold it in 1712. Part of the building was formerly a schoolroom, known as Norton Villa School which operated from 1872 to 1929.</p><br>
<p>The Michelin starred Moody Goose restaurant used the building, having previously been at the Old Priory Hotel in Bath. It is now used as a hen party venue and bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Former Maine Central Railroad Depot is a historic railroad station on Maine State Route 7 in Brooks, Maine. Built in 1892, it is an extremely well-preserved and little-altered example of a Queen Anne railroad depot. It served as a passenger depot until 1960, and as a freight depot thereafter. It is now owned by the Brooks Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former railroad depot of the Maine Central Railroad is located near the southern fringe of the village of Brooks, on the west side of Moosehead Trail (Maine State Route 7) just south of the railroad tracks, which are separated from the village center by Marsh Stream. It is a single story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and a mostly granite stone foundation. The roof has a deep overhang, which is suppored by large decoratively-cut brackets. The building is sheathed in a variety of materials, with diagonally-set tongue-and-groove planking at the lower level, clapboards at the central level, and decorative cut shingles at the upper level. Its interior is divided into three rooms: the agents office, a large waiting area, and a restroom. Outside the station stands a semaphore signal that is still mechanically operable by controls in the agents office.</p><br>
<p>The rail line that passes through Brooks was built in 1870 as part of a project by the city of Belfast to develop a railroad serving the Canadian province of Quebec. Conceived as the Belfast and Moosehead Lake Railroad, the tracks were built by the Maine Central Railroad (MEC) to connect Belfast to coastal communities further south. The MEC built its first station in Brooks in 1881, and the present station in 1892 after the first was destroyed by fire. The station served as an important element of the local economy for many years, serving as a passenger depot until 1960, and as a means by which the products of a local cheese factory reached market. After 1960 the building was used for a time as a freight depot, and ownership was reverted to the city of Belfast. The stations is now owned by the Brooks Historical Society, which also operates restored rolling stock as a heritage railroad in the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The J.B. Brown Memorial Block is a historic commercial building at Congress and Casco Streets in downtown Portland, Maine. Built in 1883 to a design by John Calvin Stevens, it is one of the city&#39;s few examples of Queen Anne Victorian commercial architecture. It is named in honor of John B. Brown, founder in 1855 of the Portland Sugar Company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brown Memorial Block stands on the northwest side of Congress Street, the principal road through the city&#39;s downtown area, at the western corner with Casco Street. It is a large 4-1/2 story masonry structure, built primarily out of brick, occupying about 2/3 of the block between Casco and Oak Streets. Its main facade is 120 ft long, with four store fronts which are slightly stepped due to the sloping lot. Its window bays are articulated by brick pilasters, and are set in groups of varying sizes. Near the center of the facade is the main entrance, recessed behind a stone arch; the bays above this entrance include a round-arch window on the third floor, and it is capped by one of two large gabled projections from the hipped roof, and flanked by a pair decoratively-topped chimneys. The hip roof is obscured by a wall, added in the mid-20th century, which gives the roof a mansard appears; it was added to minimize snow falling from the roof onto the sidewalk below. The interior has for the most part been covered over by reversible modern finishes.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by John Calvin Stevens, then already a well-known Portland architect, and was built in 1883. John B. Brown, in whose honor it is named, founded the Portland Sugar Company in 1855, and in 1868 built the Falmouth Hotel, which was a center of the city&#39;s social activities for half a century.</p><br>
<p>Ogoy  is the largest island in the Maloe More strait of Lake Baikal. It has an elongated shape, 2.9 km in length and 0.6 km in width. It is located between the Cape Shara-Shulun on the west coast of the Olkhon Island and Kurminskiy Bay on the western shore of Lake Baikal. The island is uninhabited.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation is scarce, mainly represented by grasses and low-growing shrubs. In the widest central part of the island separate larches grow. The wildlife is represented by ground squirrels, pikas, snakes. Larks and herring gulls are nesting.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, at the highest point of the island, the Buddhist Stupa of Enlightenment dedicated to Dakini Tröma Nagmo was built at the initiative of the Moscow Buddhist Center. This significantly increased the flow of tourists to the island. In summer, excursions on the boats are organized and in winter, via automobile transport by ice.</p><br>
<p>According to representatives of the Siberian Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants, the increase of tourist flow can be detrimental to flora and fauna of the island.</p><br>
<p>Attica Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Attica, Fountain County, Indiana. The district encompasses 36 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Attica. It developed between about 1840 and 1940, and includes notable examples of Late Victorian, Greek Revival, and Federal style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Marshall M. Milford House. Other notable contributing resources include McDonald Park, Parker-Clark House, Attica Presbyterian Church , Ziegler House , Rolphing-Colvert Home, "Ladies Library" , former Church of Christ , and Attica Methodist Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Covington Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Covington, Fountain County, Indiana. The district encompasses 109 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Covington. It developed between about 1830 and 1958, and includes notable examples of Gothic Revival, Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Carnegie Library of Covington, Fountain County Clerk&#39;s Building, and William C.B. Sewell House. Other notable contributing buildings include the Senator Daniel W. Voorhees House , Ward House , Kid & Mary DeHaven House , Bisland House , Spinning House , Mayer House , Johnson House , Ristine-Savage House , J. D. Fine Boggs House , Enos H. Nebecker House , Hamilton-Reed House , Covington Methodist Church , Clark House , and Allen-Cates House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Woodmen of Union Building is a historic commercial building at 501 Malvern Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a four-story structure, built mainly out of brick and ceramic blocks, although its southeastern section has upper levels with wood framing and finishing. Its main facade has an elaborate projecting entrance portico, with the entrance set in an elliptical-arch opening supported by fluted pilasters. The interior retains significant original features, including a bank vault, marble wainscoting, and a 2,500 seat auditorium. It was built in 1923-24 for the Supreme Lodge of the Woodmen of Union, an African-American social organization, which operated it as a multifunction bathhouse, hotel, hospital, bank, and performance venue. It was purchased in 1950 by the National Baptist Association.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage, also known as the John Ottis Adams and Winifred Brady Adams Home and Studio, is a historic home located at Brookville, Franklin County, Indiana. The original house was built about 1835, and reconfigured in 1898. It is a 1 1/2-story, Bungalow / American Craftsman inspired frame dwelling sheathed in clapboard. It features a full-width front porch supported by 17 tapered columns. At each end of the house are artists studios. A rear section rises to 2 1/2-stories. Also on the property are the levee built after a flood in 1913, contributing gazebo , pergola , and outhouse. It was the home of artist J. Ottis Adams .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It is located in the Brookville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Brookville Historic District is a national historic district located at Brookville, Franklin County, Indiana. The district encompasses 682 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Brookville. It developed between about 1811 and 1913, and includes notable examples of Federal and Greek Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Franklin County Seminary and The Hermitage. Other notable contributing buildings include the James Brown Ray House , Old State Bank , James N. Tyner House , Old Brick Meeting House , Franklin County Courthouse , St. Michael&#39;s Catholic Church , Howland-Farquahar-Goodwin House , Valley House Hotel , and the Presbyterian Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Oldenburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Oldenburg and Ray Township, Franklin County, Indiana. The district encompasses 106 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 6 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Oldenburg. It developed between about 1837 and 1930, and includes a variety of popular architectural styles. Notable contributing buildings include the Town Hall , Holy Family Church , First Corpus Christi Church, Second Corpus Christi Church, Cemetery Chapel , Convent Chapel , Convent of the Immaculate Conception , Franciscan Monastery , Stone Church , Waechter&#39;s Cradle Shop , Oldenburg Lumber Company , Brockman House , George Holtel House , Fischer Tavern , Burdick Building, Hackman Store , Roell Farm House , and Kellerman House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Metamora Historic District is a national historic district located at Metamora, Franklin County, Indiana. The district encompasses 115 contributing buildings and 10 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of the village of Metamora. It developed between about 1838 and 1923, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Gothic Revival, and Greek Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the Duck Creek Aqueduct. Notable contributing buildings include the Odd Fellows Building , Gordon Hall Building, Jonathan Banes House, Metamora Masonic Hall , Martindale House , Metamora Christian Church , Redmen Hall Building , and Farmers Bank of Metamora .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Bellows Falls Times Building is a historic newspaper plant on Bridge and Island Streets in Bellows Falls, Vermont. The complex of three buildings was developed in the 1930s by the Vermont Newspaper Corporation, and served the newspaper until 1965, when it was consolidated with other local newspapers. The main building is a particularly fine local example of Colonial Revival design. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bellows Falls Times complex is located on the west side of the island formed by the Connecticut River and the Bellows Falls Canal. The main building faces south toward Bridge Street, on the east side of the canal, with a warehouse to its north. A small wood frame former garage building stands east of the warehouse, fronting on Island Street. The main building is a single-story brick structure, which is particularly notable for its front facade. The brick is laid in Flemish bond, and trimmed with stone and concrete elements. A semicircular portico shelters the main entrance, with Tuscan columns supporting a modillioned cornice. The side gables have stepped ends in the Dutch Revival fashion. An ell to the rear of this building has a shed roof, and plainer styling, with a former railroad access bay at the end now enclosed to form a secondary entrance.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse is a two-story frame structure, with vertical board siding, and two rail access bays on its western (canal-facing) facade. The east facade has overhead doors for freight truck access, and also has a pedestrian entrance. The garage is a two-part structure, one with a gabled roof, the other with a parapeted flat roof.</p><br>
<p>This complex of buildings was built in the early 1930s by the Vermont Newspaper Company, publisher of the Bellows Falls Times, a weekly newspaper, as well as weeklies in other nearby communities. It was built after its previous offices in the main square were destroyed by fire. The main building was designed by Concord, New Hampshire architect Harold Holmes Owen, and is one of Bellows Falls&#39; most fully realized examples of Colonial Revival architecture. The complex was used by the publisher until 1965, when its operations were consolidated with those of other area publishers. The buildings have since been adaptively reused by other types of businesses.</p><br>
<p>The original Delano Village Hall is a historic government building in Delano, Minnesota, United States, now in development as the Delano Heritage Center. From its construction in 1888 through most of the 20th century the building housed municipal offices, the police and fire departments, and a public library, while the upper-floor meeting hall was a key venue for public and private events. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated for being a typical example of Minnesota&#39;s municipal buildings of the late 19th and early 20th century, and for its longstanding centrality to government and civic functions in Delano.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Delano Village Hall is a two-story, brick rectangle with a corner tower—a slightly later addition—that rises to a third story. Overall it has no distinct architectural style, but the arched windows and doorways, windows grouped within recessed arches, and finely decorated parapet are elements of Romanesque Revival design.</p><br>
<p>The fire hall doors at the front of the building were filled in with brick in the 20th century, but the city received a grant in 2010 to restore them closer to their original appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Delano was incorporated in 1876 and, just over a decade later, community enthusiasm for the construction of a municipal hall culminated in a special election on September 12, 1887. Further action by the city council secured a prominent corner lot, bricks from a local brickmaker, and issued a construction contract to E.J. Swedebalk and Swan Erickson for $3,524 on March 13, 1888. That summer the unfinished building hosted a dance on Independence Day and was completed by August 24.</p><br>
<p>The upstairs meeting hall was used heavily for public and private events, such as meetings, dances, church dinners, school graduations, wedding receptions, even basketball games and at least one funeral. In 1890 a stage for theatrical performances was added to the upstairs meeting hall, with dressing rooms following a year later.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 the city government added a corner tower as a belfry for the fire department&#39;s alarm bell. Additional jail cells were installed in 1905. City services available in the building expanded in 1940 with the addition of a public library. The interior was modified over the years to suit changing needs; the stage and dressing rooms were ultimately removed to make space for a kitchen and indoor restrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 the fire department moved to its own newly built facility, and the library took over the vacated space. The building was still being used for most of the same original government and civic functions when it was nominated to the National Register in 1978. However, as new facilities were constructed elsewhere, use of the original village hall declined. Delano&#39;s government offices are now housed in a modern building across the street. The library moved to another building in 2004. The Delano Franklin Historical Society has been working to refurbish the building as a heritage center and event venue.</p><br>
<p>Elgin Vale Sawmill is a heritage-listed sawmill at Manumbar Road, Elgin Vale, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1944 for T H Spencer  by Wilson Hart Limited. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 September 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill, an open-air timber structure containing a steam operated mill, was built in 1944 by Wilson Hart Limited of Maryborough, replacing an earlier sawmill established in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Queensland&#39;s pastoral frontier and its associated disruption of traditional Aboriginal lifestyles spread throughout the Wide Bay-Burnett district during the 1840s. In 1847 John Mortimer selected Manumbar, a 64 000 acre (26 000 hectares) holding between Nanango and present day Goomeri, which included the site of the Elgin Vale sawmill.</p><br>
<p>When land was resumed from the Gallangowan run of Manumbar in 1878, 400 acres were set aside for a Camping and Water Reserve (R.81) at the confluence of the Gallangowan and Moonda-Waamba Creeks. It was on Mortimer&#39;s recommendation that this area was gazetted, as it was the only permanent source of water in the locality. The following year Messrs J & A Porter took up much of the surrounding land, constructing a homestead "Elgin Vale" in close proximity to the reserve.</p><br>
<p>By the 1870s, timbergetters were working in the South Burnett, servicing the small local markets of Nanango and Kilkivan and hauling logs to Queensland&#39;s "timberopolis", Maryborough. The construction of the branch railway to Kilkivan from Theebine in 1886 enabled logs and sawn timber to be sent to Maryborough and Brisbane more efficiently, creating conditions for a viable and larger scale timber industry in the South Burnett. Timber revenue provided the chief justification for the extension of the Kilkivan branch line and after extending through to Goomeri (1902), Murgon (1904) and Kingaroy (1904), the timber industry was a major contributor to the initial growth of these settlements. In townships and in close proximity to forested areas, numerous steam operated sawmills were established to process timber.</p><br>
<p>The first sawmill located on Camping and Water Reserve 81, (also known as Scrubby Paddock), was established by Ross and Company in 1908. This operation is thought to have moved to Goomeri in 1914.</p><br>
<p>While the softwood vine forests of the South Burnett contained a variety of millable trees, it was the abundance of hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), in towering stands on the ridges and ranges, that provided much of the districts timber. Easily worked, with a fine, uniform grain, the pale cream to light yellow-brown wood of the hoop pine was widely used in the construction of timber buildings throughout Queensland, as well as for decorative and other purposes. The hilly terrain immediately south of Camping and Water Reserve 81 was dense with hoop pine and in 1914 an area of 7660 acres was gazetted as State Forest R.154. Just outside Kilkivan, about 77 km north of the Elgin Vale site, Mudlo National Park currently protects one of the areas few remaining stands of native hoop pine vine forest, which illustrates its attraction for the timber industry.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, TH (Harry) Spencer began negotiations to establish a new mill at Elgin Vale, with the intent of shifting his sawmill at Sefton (north of Kilkivan) to the reserve. Spencer had previous involvement in timber industry of the Wide Bay-Burnett and came to play a prominent role in civic and business interests in the (former) Kilkivan Shire.</p><br>
<p>In March 1926, the year Queensland began to formally regulate the amount of timber that could be cut in State Forests and Timber Reserves, Spencer negotiated with the Queensland Provisional Forestry Board to procure 10 million super feet of hoop pine timber from State Forest Reserve 154, adjacent to Reserve 81. In conjunction with this agreement, Spencer received permission from the Lands Department and Kilkivan Shire Council to establish a large sawmill at an estimated cost of £12 000, with a special lease of five years. In September 1926, Spencer&#39;s lease was extended to seven years, while the area of land under lease was enlarged to encompass the whole of the reserve.</p><br>
<p>The need to extend the area of land under lease was determined by the need to provide accommodation for employees. The development of small self-contained "timber towns" in relatively remote locations occurred throughout the Wide-Bay Burnett. Other examples existed at Wengenville, Manumbar and Eel Creek. At Elgin Vale, two houses for the manager and tally clerk, a number of smaller family cottages, a boarding house, and barracks for single men were constructed. A small school was also built on the reserve, which remained in operation until 1977 (later adapted to a QCWA meeting room and regazetted to form a separate reserve). When a new set of barracks were later built (s), the earlier building was converted into a community hall, which became an important social space for the settlement. In 1961 two houses, seven cottages, a set of barrack&#39;s and community hall (in addition to the sawmill and detached office) were recorded on-site.</p><br>
<p>During 1926–27, Spencer moved all of the machinery and building materials from the mill from Sefton to Elgin Vale, with commercial processing of timber underway by late 1927. After expending considerable effort to establish the milling operations and provision for workers, Spencer owned the mill for a very short period. At the end of 1927, Wilson Hart Company Limited, a long established timber company of Maryborough (1866), had taken over operations. After relinquishing ownership, Spencer operated the mill on behalf of Wilson Hart, maintaining the logging contract to provide timber and to haul milled timber to Goomeri railway station into the 1940s. During his operations at Elgin Vale, Spencer was responsible for introducing modern forms of transport in the district to obtain and transport timber, in the form of Linn caterpillar tractors (the first in Queensland) and motorised trucks.</p><br>
<p>During operations between 1927 and 1930, the mills output included 150 000 butter boxes for the Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Association, linking what were then two of the regions most important industries. The effect of the Depression caused periods of closure at the mill during the 1930s, a common occurrence at this time at sawmills across the state. The 1934 burning of Wilson Harts sawmill at Maryborough saw the relocation of a large number of staff to Elgin Vale. This was a particularly active period at the mill, with three shifts worked over a 24-hour day and the timber towns small population temporarily swelling to accommodate the extra workers.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the heavy demand for timbers, for defence and other "essential uses" made Queenslands timber industry a protected trade. In this period, the Elgin Vale mill was sending sawn timber to Wilson Harts Maryborough mill for the production of ammunition boxes. A fire in May 1944 completely destroyed the 1927 Elgin Vale sawmill, with only the sawn timber in the yard saved. By October of that year, Wilson Hart had constructed a new mill, probably in the same position as the previous structure.</p><br>
<p>The position and internal layout of the Elgin Vale mill followed the basic design principles for steam powered softwood sawmills of the era, to maximise efficient movement of logs through the mill. The sloping foreground on the southern side of the mill, inset with a series of large logs ramp-assisted the movement of large logs onto the rolling (Canadian) bench, where they were split by the breaking down saw. From here the flitches (long lengths of timber), were transported across wooden skids to the "number one bench", to be cut into boards. If required, boards and off-cuts were then resized at the "number two bench". Both the "one" and "two" saws had docking benches for further cutting of required lengths. Waste timber, used for the boiler&#39;s furnace and for fruit cases was sent down a chute close to the number two bench.</p><br>
<p>Narrower logs were also processed through the frame saw. Vertical saws contained within the frame cut a number of boards simultaneously, with the feed grips of the frame adjusting automatically to the taper of the log. A planing machine for further processing was originally located in the north-eastern corner of the mill, but was later removed. Once cut to the desired specification, the sawn timber was transported on trolleys aligned to rail lines into the holding yard at the eastern end of the mill to season.</p><br>
<p>The mill was positioned close to the banks of Moonda-Waamba Creek to procure water for the boiler. Situated below the main floor, in the north-west corner were the boiler, engine and drive equipment. The engine, manufactured by T Robinson and Son of England, is thought to have been originally used at a sawmill in Drayton in the early 1900s before being moved to Elgin Vale. Water (which required chemical treatment because of hardness) was pumped up to a water tank from Moonda-Waamba Creek and heated by the boilers furnace, fed on the mills by-products of sawdust and off-cuts. The steam generated from the boiler powered the engine. A drive belt set over the engine&#39;s flywheel was attached to the main drive shaft, and pulleys attached to the shaft drove the various saws on the main floor. Also below the main floor was a workspace for maintenance and sharpening saws, situated near the main engine. Another area was set aside to cut waste timber into fruit cases, which would then be parcelled up and sent away for assembly, with two men generally working at this task.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 1940s, the State Forests and Timber Reserves of the South Burnett provided just over 20 percent of Queenslands pine. There were around forty sawmills in the district and during 1947–48, nearly 50 000 tons of timber was loaded at South Burnett railway stations. At this time, the Elgin Vale sawmill was thought to be one of the states largest.</p><br>
<p>Although electricity became available at Elgin Vale in 1965, the steam driven operations of the mill were maintained, with electricity only used for lighting. Between 1968 and 1979, the mills daily operations varied from 5000 to 23 000 superfeet a day, dependent on various factors such as availability of timber, weather and machinery problems. In 1971, Elgin Vales licence allowed for the production of 642 000 superfeet of timber a year.</p><br>
<p>While Elgin Vale may not have been the most modern mill in its latter decades, it continued to be a viable operation into the 1970s. The quality of the hoop pine sawn at Elgin Vale ensured a constant demand and a ready market for its product. Because of the relative remoteness of Elgin Vale from its parent company in Maryborough, the mill was largely self-contained, with the staff largely responsible for maintaining and conducting necessary repairs to the steam operations and other components of the mill.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 Wilson Hart was brought out by the Carricks Group. Following the acquisition, Carricks disposed of a significant portion of Wilson Harts assets and the Elgin Vale mill was placed in the Wood Products division, separate from other former Wilson Hart operations.</p><br>
<p>By 1986, the Elgin Vale sawmill had exhausted its allocation of timber in the district. Elgin Vale&#39;s use of superseded steam-driven technology, in an era when sawmills throughout the Wide Bay-Burnett region were becoming increasingly larger and modernised, coupled with a downturn in the building industry, increased its vulnerability to demise. During its final year, the mill resorted to purchasing timber from elsewhere to supplement its operations. At this time, an average of 20 cubic metres was processed daily, with 11 men employed on-site. The Elgin Vale sawmill ceased operating as a commercial venture on 16 March 1987, with manager Bob Mercer running the last log through the mill.</p><br>
<p>Following the closure of the sawmill, the Kilkivan and Nanango Shire Councils purchased the mill and remaining buildings, with the intent of maintaining the site as a museum. The original boiler was replaced with one formerly located at Kingaroy Hospital. A large store room, 2 six-roomed dwellings, 3 five-roomed dwellings and other miscellaneous items were all sold for removal from the site. The managers and tally clerks houses were retained, renovated and a caretaker was established on-site.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, Nanango Shire Council ended their involvement with the Elgin Vale sawmill. Kilkivan Shire Council retained responsibility for the mill, publishing a book on its history in 1997. Following council amalgamations in 2008, ownership of the mill was transferred to Gympie Regional Council. As recently as 2006 the steam driven operations of the Elgin Vale sawmill were operated for visitors, offering an insight into a now rare, but once common practice throughout the Wide Bay Burnett/Queensland region.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill complex stands at the end of a short access road east of the intersection of the Manumbar-Nanango Road and the Goomeri-Elgin Vale Road, Elgin Vale (approximately 80 kilometres southwest of Gympie). The complex comprises a large open mill shed, detached office, remnants of the former mill township, two cottages and a toilet shed.</p><br>
<h3>Mill shed</h3><br>
<p>The milling operation is accommodated in a large, rectangular open sided timber framed shed standing on a site sloping down to the northeast. It is sheltered by a gabled roof clad with corrugated iron sheeting with the roof line notable for two small decorative projecting gable roofs to the southwest side. The milling operations are organised around the main floor of the shed which has narrow platforms running along the short sides, a workshop standing to the east corner and the boiler/engine room standing to the north. The northwest platform, workshop and boiler/engine room are sheltered by skillion roofs. A small rectangular enclosed office stands within the shed to the south.</p><br>
<p>An elevated hardwood timber floor supported on round timber stumps provides a platform for the milling plant with the drive shafts, belts and pulleys accommodated below connecting to the steam driven flywheel. A line of large round logs perpendicular to the mill floor is along the southwest side of the shed forming a log ramp feeding logs to the breakdown saw bench. The milling plant comprises benches, rollers, saws and other milling plant (all retain pulleys and belts), winches, a gantry crane and tramways (timber and steel rails) with trolleys. A winch stands in the yard to the southwest of the log ramp The traverser rails and trolley run along the southeast side on a narrow timber platform lower than the main floor. A set of timber stairs descends to the northwest from the timber floored walkway along the northwest side. Two boilers, a steam engine and a large flywheel stand at ground level to the north corner with a corrugated iron water tank on a tall timber standing further to the north. A tall metal stack projects from the boiler. Two timber framed and clad shutes between the workshop and boiler room discharge to the waste/sawdust and boiler/furnace areas to the northeast.</p><br>
<h3>Office</h3><br>
<p>The mill office is a small rectangular timber framed and weather board clad building supported on low timber stumps and sheltered by a corrugated iron clad gable roof standing up the slope to the southeast of the mill shed. An open rectangular entrance porch is accommodated to the east corner from which two solid timber doors (northwest and southwest) open into the office. Other openings include a solid timber door to the centre of the southwest side and small windows to the northwest and northeast sides.</p><br>
<h3>Township</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the township are on land that slopes up gently to the south of the mill shed. Approached along a dirt track south of the mill office, the remnants include timber stumps, concrete slabs, pieces of metal sheeting, small piles of debris, timber and barbed- wire fencing and three electrical poles, most lying to the west side of the track. The area is now grassed and has a scatter of vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>Cottages and toilet shed</h3><br>
<p>Two timber cottages and a small timber shed accommodating toilets stand to the southwest of the mill shed. The interiors of these cottages are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Elgin Vale Sawmill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 September 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill is important in demonstrating the development and subsequent decline of steam driven sawmilling operations in the Wide-Bay Burnett region, an important region associated with Queenslands timber industry. Built in 1944 to replace an earlier mill established in 1927, it was thought to have been one of the states largest sawmills by the late 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill, in its retention of original fabric and layout, is exceptional for its ability to demonstrate the process of using steam technology to mill the natural resource of hoop pine, historically one of Queensland&#39;s principal building materials.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill is important in demonstrating the pattern of establishing softwood sawmills in close proximity to naturally occurring stands of hoop pine, while the remains of the township, constructed from 1927, demonstrate the associated provision of accommodation for workers and their families in relatively remote timber milling locations in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill is a rare example in Queensland of a steam driven softwood sawmill in operating condition, demonstrated in its substantial level of intactness and high degree of integrity. Steam driven sawmills were once common throughout Queensland with around 40 operating in the Wide Bay-Burnett district alone in the 1940s. There are no known sawmills in Queensland comparable to the Elgin Vale sawmill in terms of retention of original layout, fabric and operating ability.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Elgin Vale township, established in 1927 to accommodate workers and their families associated with the sawmill, have the potential to contribute to our understanding of the organisation and domestic life of timber settlements that existed in twentieth century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The substantially intact Elgin Vale sawmill is an exceptional example of a steam driven softwood sawmill, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type. Located adjacent to a creek for water and in close proximity to well timbered areas, the mill is positioned below sloping ground to assist the movement of logs. Internally, the layout and the sequence designed to maximise the efficient movement and cutting of logs within the sawmill remain: the long open-sided tin and timber shed, log ramp, breakdown saw, number one and two saw, frame saw, docking benches, waste chute, rails and trolleys. Below the main floor are the boiler, engine and attached drive equipment that provide the power for the operations on the main floor.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Elgin Vale sawmill site is important because of its aesthetic significance. The place possesses evocative qualities, generated by the strong visual impact of a tough industrial aesthetic of weathered timber and corrugated galvanised iron, juxtaposed with its quiet rural setting. The remains of the township evoke a sense of isolation and decline of a self-contained way of life that has largely vanished in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Barambah Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Goomeri Road, Barambah, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frederic Herbert Faircloth and built from 1843 to 1880s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Barambah Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Barambah station was established in 1843 by Ferriter and Uhr in the wake of Henry Stuart Russell&#39;s exploration of the Burnett district in 1842. The Barambah site once comprised a complete homestead complex, with some structures reputedly built during the 1870s. Today, the timber residence built in -06 stands as testimony to the development of Barambah as one of the earliest principal pastoral holdings in the Burnett district. The physical improvement of the site reflects the growth of the Queensland rural economy during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite extensive renovations to the house, the main original divisions between the living areas and private spaces, such as bedrooms, and the internal core and encircling verandahs, remain intact, with the exception of the rear enclosed vernadah areas. The place demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial Queensland timber residence built in the first decade of the 20th century. The significant associated buildings present in the homestead complex assist in demonstrating how this kind of pastoral property would have operated.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The residence exhibits a high standard of workmanship and architectural design, and its elevated position, amidst early garden remnants and overlooking a watercourse, enhances the aesthetic appeal of the site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Barambah has a special association with the Moore family, who owned the property for nearly 100 years and who developed it during that time as one of the pre-eminent cattle stations in the Burnett district.</p><br>
<p>Goomeri Hall of Memory is a heritage-listed war memorial hall at Boonara Street, Goomeri, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1926. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hall of Memory at Goomeri was opened in 1926 to commemorate all those from the district who had served in World War I, but this dedication has since been extended to also honour all those who have served in subsequent wars.</p><br>
<p>European settlement in the district took place in 1843–50 as large pastoral holdings were taken up. By 1870 these had been subdivided into smaller grazing farms. In 1902, the Nanango railway line reached Goomeri and at that time was used principally by local farmers and to transport timber. In 1911, a sale of town commercial and residential blocks was held. More farms were established and a butter factory was built. The town of Goomeri developed with a school, showground and churches as a rural district centre in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The First World War (1914–1918), although fought in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, had a profound impact on Australia. At the outbreak of war Australia, settled as a British colony and with strong ties to the "motherland", immediately entered the war in support of Britain and her allies. Over 300,000 Australians out of a population of 4 million volunteered for service overseas, with approximately 60,000 of these making the supreme sacrifice. Virtually every Australian community, including that of Goomeri, lost young men in this war.</p><br>
<p>Following the war, most communities wished to erect a memorial for those who served, and particularly those who had not returned. At Goomeri, a memorial was erected in Digger Perrett Park, although the Goomeri War Memorial Clock, which stands opposite the site, replaced this in 1940. The Goomeri sub-branch of the RSL received its charter on 1 January 1926 and members of this branch were a driving force behind the establishment of the Hall of Memory. A public meeting was held in March 1926 and a Memorial Hall Building Committee comprising Messrs. Mayne, Stanton, Wimberley, Maudsley and Wise was appointed with authority to obtain land and a building for use as a community hall. At the time, this was not a common form of memorial, most tributes to Queensland volunteers and war dead being monuments. It was not until the wake of World War II that such practical memorials as buildings and community facilities were favoured, so that the Goomeri Hall of Memory is one of only a small number of such buildings remaining.</p><br>
<p>The building committee purchased an existing timber store building from Cuthbert Butt at Nanango and A Kopp and W Toop had erected it on the site by May 1926. A crow&#39;s ash floor was laid for dancing and the hall was painted. It was initially leased to a Mr A Rich, who moved his silent picture show there from Boonara. Mrs Rich had a sweet stall under the hall, which appears to have been enclosed soon after the relocation. Funds to clear the debt and cover the purchase of furniture, crockery and other essential items were raised by holding a series of events from 1927. These included a concert and ball, a sports day and procession and a popular girl competition, won by Myrtle Wieland who was also one of the cinema pianists. These events were announced to have cleared the debt of £844 at Easter 1929 with a surplus of just £1/3/6.</p><br>
<p>In 1931 a large supper room with a kitchen was added. This room was also used for meetings and small functions. In 1935 sections of wall were removed between the hall and the enclosed verandahs to increase available space.</p><br>
<p>Mr A Duffy held a long lease on the hall to show films. He also acted as caretaker and installed electricity and equipment to show "talkies". In the 1940s he became one of the first operators in the country to install CinemaScope.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, the basement area was used to store 600 tons of emergency supplies for the area in case of Japanese invasion. Following the war these were removed and the area was partitioned as clubrooms for the RSL. The Citizen&#39;s Military Forces also used the RSL space as a drill room and the grounds of the hall for parades.</p><br>
<p>World War II memorials to match those for WWI were ordered in 1950 from Smiths Rubber Stamp, Brass Plate and Stencil Manufacturing Coy in Brisbane for the sum of 7 guineas each. Murray Studios in Gympie supplied the photographs and the memorials were unveiled on Anzac Day 1951.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the demand for film shows fell. Films were shown only once a week and were eventually discontinued in the late 1950s, although the hall continued to be used for other events. In 1971, the Kilkivan Shire Council accepted responsibility for the hall at the Trustee&#39;s request. Following this, the kitchens were modernised and a bar and cold room installed at the supper room end of the hall. The RSL kitchenette was modernised in 1991 and it is thought that the hall was re-roofed in 1995. The hall is still in regular use for a wide range of entertainments and social functions.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hall of Memory is a high set timber building with a corrugated iron roof, which is prominently sited on Boonara Street, at the corner of McGregor Street, Goomeri. It is set in well-tended gardens and comprises a rectangular hall with a gabled roof and a smaller gabled addition set at one end. To the rear, toilet blocks are connected to the hall and it has been built in underneath to form a basement storey.</p><br>
<p>The main hall is a long rectangular building with its long axis presented to the street elevation. Along this elevation is an enclosed verandah and central gabled porch entry flanked by stairs. On the porch gable is the Commonwealth coat of arms surmounted by the words "Hall of Memory 1914 – 1918". A decorative timber ventilator surmounts the main roof. Attached to one side of the hall is the smaller separately roofed building which has a front verandah and separate stair entry.</p><br>
<p>The main hall is lined with beaded boards and has a timber ceiling and floor. One end has a stage with a curved front and a space for a piano to one side. The rear of the room has a modern bar with a projection box over. The access stair to be projection box has been removed to accommodate a steel cold room. Behind the bar is a large supper room leading into kitchens. There is a large kitchen range in the smaller room to the rear, although a modern cooking stove and kitchen cabinets have been installed in the larger room.</p><br>
<p>Inside the main room of the hall are a number of memorials. These include a modern timber roll of honour for Goomeri and District; timber framed metal honour rolls for World War I and 21 individual memorials in the form of decorative bronze plaques with an inset photograph of those honoured. Nine are for the First World War and twelve for World War II. There is also a benefactors&#39; memorial in the form of an open metallic book on a marble plaque. It reads: In grateful memory of John T Mayne a patriotic benefactor and Mary Mayne his wife and partner in benevolence.</p><br>
<p>The verandah along the front of the hall has been built in with casement windows glazed with obscure and green glass. There are large openings from the hall into them forming two long rooms. The central porch contains a ticket box accessed by a door in the hall and flanked by pairs of entry doors into the hall.</p><br>
<p>The basement area has been built in and has high, narrow windows. The toilet block on the corner is constructed of fibrous cement planks on a base of concrete blocks and has a skillion roof and sliding aluminium windows.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Goomeri Hall of Memory was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Goomeri Hall of Memory is important is demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queenslands history, as a memorial to the participation, and loss of, members of the Goomeri and district community in the First World War and later wars. Construction of the hall is also illustrative of the patriotic fervour associated with the First World War, and the communitys identification with the British Empire at this period in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As a memorial hall it forms part of a relatively rare type of First World War memorial in Queensland, being a building for both memorial and recreational use, rather than the more common monumental memorial.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Goomeri Hall of Memory demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building designed for the use, both recreational and administrative, of returned soldiers and their families, with its honour rolls, meeting rooms, supper room, and dance hall. The large hall remains important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, with a timber floor laid especially for dancing, a stage, supper room and large banks of windows to the street elevation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Memory has landmark qualities as a large and well-detailed building on a prominent elevated site and makes a major contribution to the character of the townscape of Goomeri.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Goomeri Hall of Memory has a spiritual and social association with the Returned Services League as both a war memorial and a meeting place. It also has a special association with community of Goomeri and district because of its long use for many social functions, including balls, concerts and the showing of films.</p><br>
<p>Goomeri War Memorial Clock is a heritage-listed memorial at Burnett Highway, Goomeri, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1940. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Goomeri War Memorial Clock was unveiled on 15 November 1940 by RSL State President Raymond Douglas Huish. The concrete memorial honours the 9 local men who fell in the First World War and the 12 who fell in the Second World War. Goomeri Memorial Clock Tower was unveiled with the names of the local men who died in service or killed in action during the First World War. The names of those killed in the Second World War were added later.</p><br>
<p>It was erected at a cost of £700 which was raised by the Goomeri Returned Services League Sub-Branch.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60 000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the digger statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<p>Although many different types of war memorials were erected throughout Queensland, the clock type of memorial was comparatively rare. It is not known who designed the memorial; however the metal work was produced by Ernest Gunderson and was originally part of an earlier monument which also commemorated the First World War.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Gunderson established his metalworking company in Brisbane after migrating from Norway. The company operated until the mid 1930s and supplied honour boards and plates for memorials statewide. His work was distinctly original, often incorporating both Australian and British motifs.</p><br>
<p>The monument is painted, with details now picked out in darker colours.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial is situated in a traffic island in one of the main intersections of Goomeri. It is a dominant landscape feature from most locations in the town.</p><br>
<p>The traffic island is located in the centre of the intersection, level with the road on the eastern side and dropping away on the western side. A flagpole is located on the north side of the monument which sits on a stepped concrete pad with short square concrete bollards at each corner.</p><br>
<p>The painted concrete monument rises to a height of 74 feet and comprises a tapered tower with clockfaces at the apex. Fixed to the west face of the foundation and to the north face of the clocktower are metal components from Goomeri&#39;s former memorial to the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The tower is subtly divided into three sections: a base, the body and the clock.</p><br>
<p>The base has shallow simply moulded details around the base and at each corner and has applied moulding at the termination of the base section. A substantial metal door bearing a bronze Australian Coat of Arms surrounded by a laurel wreath is recessed into the north face. The dates 1914 and 1919 are located above and below the wreath, also in bronze.</p><br>
<p>On each of the other faces are polished granite plaques with the engraved names of those who made the Supreme Sacrifice (died). The southern face bears the names of the nine who fell in the First World War and the dates 1914 – 1919. The western face displays the names of the twelve who fell in the Second World War, and the eastern face is blank.</p><br>
<p>Above the base is the body of the tower which is plain except for a simple central decorative element, painted dark brown. The uppermost section of the body has stop-chamfers to each corner which continue into the clock section.</p><br>
<p>The clock itself is located at the top of the tower and comprises four faces which are illuminated at night. The letters "Lest we forget" (reading clockwise) replace the numerals on each clock face.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Goomeri War Memorial Clock was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association with Brisbane metalworker Ernest Gunderson as an example of his workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few memorials in Queensland in the form of a clock tower and has uncommon decorative features.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Unveiled in 1940, the war memorial at Goomeri demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is of aesthetic significance as a dominant landmark in the main intersection of Goomeri, being the reason the town is known as the Clock Town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event.</p><br>
<p>Imbil Railway Bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge over Yabba Creek, Imbil, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built circa 1915 by Queensland Railways to facilitate settlement in the Mary River Valley. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Imbil Railway Bridge over Yabba Creek is located near the town of Imbil on the Mary Valley branch railway (now the Mary Valley Rattler line) 22 miles 4 chains (35.42 km) from Monkland station on the North Coast railway line. The Mary Valley railway line between Monkland station and Brooloo in the upper Mary Valley was constructed between 1911 and April 1915 to facilitate closer settlement of the Mary River valley. The Imbil Railway Bridge remains as evidence of the economic importance of the Mary Valley to Queensland agriculture during the 20th century. This half-through Pratt truss (or Pony truss) bridge, completed in January 1915, is one of only six bridges of this kind known to be remaining in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>European settlement in the Mary Valley commenced when squatters took up pastoral leases there in the 1850s. Closer settlement in the Mary Valley started after half of Imbil station land was resumed for settlement under the Crown Lands Act 1868 and made available for selection. The gradual opening of the large pastoral holdings of Amamoor, Imbil and Traveston in the Upper Mary River Valley for closer settlement from the late 1870s was a catalyst for the development of small cropping and dairying activities in the region. The changing patterns of land use and settlement in the Mary Valley occurred while nearby Gympie evolved from its beginnings as a makeshift settlement and alluvial field of late 1867 into an important regional town and major deep reef gold producer by the 1880s. The township provided a ready market for the growing number of agricultural producers in the surrounding district. In the Mary Valley, maize and potatoes were the dominant early crops, although experimental plantings of tobacco, rice, sugar cane, peas and pineapples were also undertaken.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century the Queensland government promoted the construction of branch railways in rural areas to assist growth in population and agricultural production. In the 1880s a Mary Valley route had been among the proposals for the line from Brisbane to Gympie, but was rejected. Local agitation for a Mary Valley branch railway (with varying proposals for the routes alignment) increased during the 1900s. The Railway Commissioner investigated and surveyed a proposed line for the Mary Valley in 1910, with the accompanying report contending "considerable traffic in agricultural produce, timber, livestock and dairy products" would eventuate. Subsequently, a route deviating from the North Coast line at Monkland (south of Gympie) and extending to Brooloo was approved, a decision aided by the availability of timber for freight and construction, and Gympie City Councils offer to fund 1/3 of construction costs. Work commenced in June 1911 and by 1913, 550 men were working on the project. The Mary Valley Railway Line included four major (concrete and steel) bridges and one tunnel at Melawondi. The line reached Kandanga in February 1914 and the terminus of Brooloo in April 1915, the month the whole line was officially opened for passenger and goods traffic. Along the line, subdivisions of a number of larger holdings into farm and town allotments near rail stops increased the availability agricultural land for settlers and led to establishment of small townships at Kandanga (1912), Brooloo, Imbil and Amamoor (1914) and Dagun (1917).</p><br>
<p>The Imbil Railway Bridge illustrates the evolution in the principal characteristics of steel railway bridges around the turn of the century, especially the change to the through and half-through Pratt trusses from 1908, which increased the structural strength of rail bridges. Early rail bridges in Queensland were half-through or deck-type lattice girders with through hogback central spans until the 1893 after which the Whipple truss (double intersection through Pratt truss) was used for strength until the introduction of the through Pratt truss in 1897. For the next two decades many of Queensland&#39;s rail bridges were of the through Pratt design, including the half-through Pratt for lighter loads (introduced 1909), which features top and bottom chords connected by vertical and diagonal members but no portal or lateral bracing between the two parallel trusses on either side of the rail deck. The Warren truss was introduced later.</p><br>
<p>During the interwar period the rapid increase in production in the Mary Valley made a significant contribution to the Gympie regions status as one of Queenslands most productive dairy areas. In response to cream supply outgrowing production capacity, the Wide Bay Co-Operative built what was claimed as Australias largest butter factory in 1925, and was receiving cream from 2,000 suppliers by 1935. By 1927 the Gympie district was responsible for 10% of Queenslands milk production, the majority of which was used for butter making. In 1929 the Wide Bay district (of which Gympie was a part) was the second highest milk producer after the Moreton district, and by 1939 the 12 butter factories in the Wide Bay-Burnett region (not including Cooroy), produced almost 1/3 of Queensland&#39;s butter. In the same year, 4,500 cream cans were forwarded from Kandanga alone.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 the Gympie district produced 15% of Queenslands butter, and 1953 was the Wide Bay Co-Operatives record year for payment to its suppliers. However, a downturn began in the 1950s, which reflected changes occurring across the industry in Queensland. Butter consumption per capita in Australia dropped from 12.2 kg to 8.3 kg between 1957 and 1972, and a major butter market was lost in the early 1970s, after Britain joined the European Economic Community. Changing to milk production rather than cream, required larger herds and new equipment, and resulted in many small-scale farmers leaving the industry or switching to beef cattle. Stricter regulations for the running of dairies, lower prices, foreign imports and competition from margarine producers all took their toll. Between 1973 and 1976 28% of the Wide Bay Co-op&#39;s farmers left the industry. As milk production increased, farm storage in vats and road transportation by tankers became the norm. The last butter was churned in Gympie in May 1978, ending nearly 80 years of production at the site.</p><br>
<p>While fruit continued to be transported on the Mary Valley railway following the demise of cream production, the line became increasingly unprofitable during the 1970s. By the late 1980s, the future of the line was increasingly precarious. In 1988 station masters/mistresses were removed from Imbil, Amamoor and Dagun and a number of railway buildings such as goods sheds, waiting sheds and residences were sold for removal.</p><br>
<p>The reduction of infrastructure and services on the railway made it increasingly apparent that the line was to close. Strong protests by the districts pineapple growers helped to delay any final decision on the lines future. However, the last goods train ran to Kandanga in 1995 and thereafter pineapple growers took their produce to Traveston station on the Brisbane-Gympie North line. Despite this, the line was not formally closed and in 1996 the Mary Valley Heritage Railway Board negotiated to conduct tourist train services on the line. The Mary Valley Heritage Railway commenced operations on the former Mary Valley branch on 23 May 1998. The "Valley Rattler" steam train tours and rail motor rides have since become a major tourist attraction for the region. A large group of volunteers and trainees contribute to the operation and maintenance of the line, rolling stock and buildings between the (former) Gympie railway station and Imbil railway station.</p><br>
<p>The Imbil Railway Bridge remains as evidence of the economic importance of the Mary Valley to the Queensland dairy industry during the 20th century. The Imbil Railway Bridge is a rare intact example of a half-through Pratt truss railway bridge, a style of bridge used by Queensland&#39;s Railway Department in the first three decades of the 20th century. The half-through Pratt truss structure, which differs subtly from the more widely used through Pratt truss bridge, in that its girders are not high enough to allow cross bracing at the top between the trusses on each side of the bridge. Half-through Pratt truss bridges were designed to carry a smaller load than through Pratt truss bridges. Other intact bridges of this type that are extant are: Harlin Rail Bridge, Harlin (1912); Sleeper Log Creek (1915); Saltwater Creek (1915); Crystal Creek (1916) and Murray Creek (1923).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Imbil Rail Bridge is a high level steel and concrete bridge over Yabba Creek, located 22 miles 4 chains (35.42 km) from Monkland on the Mary Valley branch line.</p><br>
<p>Its total length is 393 feet (119.8 m) and its maximum span is 60 feet (18.3 m). The bridge has five steel eight-panel half-through Pratt trusses and is supported by two concrete abutments and nine concrete piers.</p><br>
<p>The bridge comprises (North to South):</p><br>
<p>2 × 3 x 31-foot (9.5 m) rolled steel joists, decking, concrete abutment, common concrete pier on cylindrical base (piers 1 and 2)</p><br>
<p>5 x 60-foot (18.3 m) riveted 8-panel half-through Pratt trusses, decking, common concrete piers with octagonal ends with capping on cylindrical bases (piers 2 to 7)</p><br>
<p>2 × 3 x 31-foot (9.5 m) rolled steel joists, decking, common concrete pier on cylindrical base, concrete abutment (piers 7 and 8).</p><br>
<p>It retains its rails and timber sleepers.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Imbil Railway Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Imbil Railway bridge, opened in 1915 as a major engineering work on the Mary Valley Branch Railway Line, is important in demonstrating the Queensland Government&#39;s policy of establishing branch railway lines to promote closer settlement. Establishment of this branch railway accelerated the settlement of the Mary Valley for agricultural purposes and contributed to the production that made the Wide Bay Burnett district a major agricultural region of Queensland during the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is highly intact and provides physical evidence of early 20th century railway bridge design and construction in Queensland. The Imbil Railway Bridge illustrates the evolution in the principal characteristics of steel railway bridges around the turn of the century, especially the change to the through and half-through Pratt trusses from 1908, which increased the structural strength of rail bridges.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Imbil Railway Bridge is a form of railway bridge that has always been uncommon. It is one of 11 half-through Pratt truss bridges that were built by the Queensland Department of Railways and Public Works during the first three decades of the 20th century. Of these only six remain. The structure is intact and retains a high level of integrity. Other intact railway bridges of this type that are extant are: Harlin Rail Bridge, Harlin (1912) (Harlin Rail Bridge); Sleeper Log Creek (1915); Saltwater Creek (1915); Crystal Creek (1916) and Murray Creek, North Coast line (1923).</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Imbil Railway Bridge is a good example of a half-through Pratt truss railway bridge designed by the Department of Railways and Public Works. This bridge type differed subtly from the through Pratt truss in that its girders are not high enough to allow cross bracing at the top of the truss, which is a feature of through Pratt truss bridges.</p><br>
<p>The bridge comprises nine concrete piers, two abutments, five steel eight-panel trusses, rolled steel joists, decking, timber sleepers and steel rails.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In its setting the Imbil Railway Bridge is picturesque, making a dramatic visual statement and evoking a strong aesthetic response through the juxtaposition of its man-made materials-tall concrete piers and steel trusses-against its natural backdrop of mountains and grassy fields, trees and river. Views that place the bridge in this setting are accessible from road, rail and water.</p><br>
<p>Mary Valley Railway Cream Sheds are heritage-listed sheds at Kandanga railway station, Amamoor railway station and Melawondi railway station, all of them on the Mary Valley Branch Railway, Mary Valley, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Railways and built by Queensland Railways. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mary Valley branch railway cream sheds, located at Amamoor, Kandanga and Melawondi, were built between the 1920s and 1940s by Queensland Railways, in response to the strong growth of dairying in one of Queensland&#39;s most important dairy producing regions and the reliance on rail to transport dairy produce during this period.</p><br>
<p>The gradual opening of large pastoral holdings of Amamoor, Imbil and Traveston (established 1850s) in the Upper Mary River Valley for closer settlement from the late 1870s was a catalyst for the development of small cropping and dairying activities in the region. The changing patterns of land use and settlement in the Mary Valley occurred while nearby Gympie evolved from its beginnings as a makeshift settlement and alluvial field in late 1867 into an important regional town and major deep reef gold producer by the 1880s. The town provided a ready market for the growing number of agricultural producers in the surrounding district. In the Mary Valley, maize and potatoes were the dominant early crops, although experimental plantings of tobacco, rice, sugar cane, peas and pineapples were also undertaken.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1800s, a number of critical factors aided the expansion of the dairy industry into one of Queenslands principal primary industries by the interwar period. These included: the introduction of mechanical cream separators in the 1880s; Babcock testing to accurately measure cream content in milk; The Meat and Dairy Encouragement Act 1893 which made provision for government loans to construct butter and cheese factories; and the Department of Agriculture and Stocks use of a "Travelling Dairy" to demonstrate techniques and equipment to potential dairy farmers throughout Queensland. The introduction of pastures such as paspalum and Rhodes grass and the increased cultivation of fodder also occurred, to improve milk yields and to provide adequate feed during the less productive months of winter.</p><br>
<p>Hugo Du Rietz, a Swedish born architect, made an important contribution to the development of the dairy industry in the Gympie district by his introduction of the first mechanical cream separator into Queensland in 1882. The Queensland governments travelling dairy visited Lagoon Pocket, in the Mary Valley, in September 1890. By 1894 there were 120 dairies in the Gympie Land Agents district, although most production was milk for town supply. In the Mary Valley, Frank Chippindall was transporting butter produced by local settlers into Gympie around 1885–1886, as was Peter Meyers in 1893.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s co-operatives were becoming the dominant form of ownership of cheese and butter factories, a pattern that defined the Queensland dairy industry for much of the 20th century. In 1897, Gympies first dairy co-operative for butter production, the Gympie Central Dairying Company was established. By 1897 the Silverwood Dairying Company had taken over the factory and in 1906 the Wide Bay Co-Operative purchased the operations. In the year ending 30 June 1907 there were 322 suppliers to the Wide Bay Company, who were paid a total of £20,973 for their cream. Metal cans containing the cream produced by dairy farms surrounding Gympie was carted into the Wide Bay Co-operatives factory by contractors. In the Mary Valley, some cream was also sent from the Traveston railway station on the North Coast railway line to butter factories further south.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the twentieth century the Queensland government was promoting the construction of branch railways in rural areas to assist growth in population and agricultural production. In the 1880s a Mary Valley route had been among the proposals for the line from Brisbane to Gympie, but was rejected. Local agitation for a Mary Valley branch railway (with varying proposals for the routes alignment) increased during the 1900s. The Railway Commissioner investigated and surveyed a proposed line for the Mary Valley in 1910, with the accompanying report contending "considerable traffic in agricultural produce, timber, livestock and dairy products" would eventuate. Subsequently, a route deviating from the North Coast line at Monkland (south of Gympie) and extending to Brooloo was approved, a decision aided by the availability of timber for freight and construction, and Gympie City Councils offer to fund one third of construction costs. Work commenced in June 1911 and by 1913, 550 men were working on the project. The line reached Kandanga in February 1914 and the terminus of Brooloo in April 1915, the month the whole line was officially opened for passenger and goods traffic. Along the line, subdivisions of a number of larger holdings into farm and town allotments near rail stops increased the availability agricultural land for settlers and led to the establishment of small townships at Kandanga (1912), Brooloo, Imbil and Amamoor (1914) and Dagun (1917).</p><br>
<p>While timber freight was initially the main income generator for the Mary Valley Railway, cream was transported on the line from its very beginnings. Transportation by rail was a far more efficient way of delivering cream to butter factories, with contractors and individual farmers able to deliver their cream direct to the nearest railhead. Following delivery and washing of the cans at the factory, they were returned by rail, with each can inscribed with the name of its owner for identification.</p><br>
<p>In its first four weeks of operations following the opening of its station in 1914, two tons of cream was sent from Kandanga. After the disruption of World War I, dairying and agricultural activity increased rapidly, with a corresponding increase in the transportation of produce on the railway. In 1921 there were 93 dairies located between Dagun and Brooloo, milking 2,900 cows (an average herd size of 31) and producing 586,016 pounds of cream. In October of that year, a combined total of around 350 cans were sent from Kandanga and Imbil railway stations each week. In January 1922, 118,000 pounds of cream, equal to around 27 tons of butter, was sent to the Wide Bay Co-operative Factory at Gympie from suppliers between Brooloo and Amamoor.</p><br>
<p>The expansion of dairy production during the early twentieth century led to the construction of cream sheds by Queensland Railways at stations and sidings throughout the state. Cream sheds were built to a standard design; measuring 10 x, clad and lined with horizontal hardwood boards separated by open spaces, with the interior boards offset to cover the outside spaces. The spacing of the boards improved air circulation, resulting in a cooler storage space, reducing the risk of the cream spoiling before reaching the butter factory. Double doors opened out to platforms on either side of the shed for placement and retrieval of cream cans. Sheds were set on low stumps and were sheltered by a gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>By 1921, the heavy handling needed to load cream cans and their exposure to heat at Kandanga station was noted. The Railway Commissioner&#39;s inspection of the Mary Valley Railway in late 1924, noted the ongoing increase in "cream traffic" along the line and the arduous work involved for guards who were lifting the cans from platforms on rail level. The Commissioner agreed to cream sheds being provided at Amamoor and Dagun stations and Lagoon Pocket siding. The construction of the cream shed at Amamoor as well as a shed at Imbil was approved in February 1925 at a cost of £80 and £96 respectively. The following month the cream shed at the Lagoon Pocket siding was approved at a cost of £83. A shed at Dawn siding was built sometime after this date and a shed at Melawondi was built in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The provision of cream sheds along the length of the line demonstrated the extent and expansion of dairying in the Mary Valley. Cream supply was generally at its highest during the wetter summer months and this was when cream sheds were most heavily used. The lower output that occurred during winter is reflected in the returns for the week ending 24 August 1931, when 207 cream cans were forwarded to Gympie and 11 cans were sent to Pomona from Kandanga, Imbil, Amamoor and Dagun. The Mary River was subject to serious flooding during the wet season and the railway crossing near the Dawn often became impassable. The importance of cream freight was evident on these occasions, with a special train organised to pick up cans from the cream sheds until it reached the river crossing, from where the Wide Bay Co-op boat would ferry the supplies over the river.</p><br>
<p>The interwar period saw the dairy industry expand greatly in Queensland. Between 1927 and 1937 the total number of dairy cattle rose by 50 per cent. Dairying was geographically Queenslands most widespread agricultural industry in the 1930s and the states second most profitable export industry from 1936 to 1941, accounting for 20 per cent of primary production. By the late 1930s, around one in eight Queenslanders were living on dairy farms.</p><br>
<p>The rapid increase in production in the Mary Valley during the interwar period made a significant contribution to the Gympie regions status as one of Queenslands top dairy producing areas. In response to increased cream supply outgrowing production capacity, the Wide Bay Co-Operative built what was claimed as Australias largest butter factory in 1925, and was receiving cream from 2,000 suppliers by 1935. By 1927 the Gympie district was responsible for 10 per cent of Queenslands milk production, the majority of which was used for butter making. In 1937 the Petty Sessions District of Gympie was Queenslands largest milk and butter producer, with the greatest number of dairy cattle in milk. By 1939 the 12 butter factories in the Wide Bay-Burnett region (not including Cooroy), produced almost a third of Queenslands butter. In the same year, 4,500 cream cans were forwarded from Kandanga alone.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 the Gympie district produced 15 per cent of Queenslands butter, and 1953 was the Wide Bay Co-Operatives record year for payment to its suppliers. However, a downturn began in the 1950s, which reflected changes occurring across the industry in Queensland. Butter consumption per capita in Australia dropped from 12.2 kg to 8.3 kg between 1957 and 1972, and a major butter market was lost when Britain joined the European Economic Community in the early 1970s. The transition towards the production of milk rather than cream, requiring larger herds and new equipment, saw many smaller scale farmers leaving the industry or switching to beef cattle. Tougher regulations for the running of dairies, lower prices, foreign imports and competition from margarine producers all took their toll. Between 1973 and 1976, 28 per cent of the Wide Bay Co-ops farmers left the industry. As milk production increased, farm storage in vats and road transportation by tankers became the norm. The last delivery of dairy produce to Wide Bay Co-ops Gympie factory in a can (from Miva, west of Gympie) occurred in 1973 and the last butter was churned in May 1978, ending nearly 80 years of production at the site.</p><br>
<p>The decline of cream production and the realignment of transport arrangements for dairy producers saw the removal of some cream sheds on the Mary Valley railway, while those that remained were used for storage. The cream shed at Lagoon Pocket was removed in 1965 and at Dawn in 1968. In 1963 Dagun&#39;s cream shed was incorporated into the north corner of the goods sheds (erected 1938). At least one other example of a combined goods and cream shed is known to have been built in Queensland – at The Summit (near Stanthorpe).</p><br>
<p>While fruit freight (predominantly pineapples) continued to be transported on the Mary Valley railway following the demise of cream production, the line became increasingly unprofitable during the 1970s. By the late 1980s, the future of the line was increasingly precarious. In 1988 station masters/mistresses were removed from Imbil, Amamoor and Dagun and a number of railway buildings such as goods sheds, waiting sheds and residences were sold for removal. Queensland Railways opted to retain the cream sheds at Kandanga, Amamoor, Melawondi Dagun and Imbil (later removed) for storage purposes.</p><br>
<p>The reduction of infrastructure and services on the railway made it increasingly apparent that the line was to close. Strong protests by the districts pineapple growers helped to delay any final decision on the lines future. The last goods train ran to Kandanga in 1995 and thereafter pineapple growers took their produce to Traveston station on the Brisbane-Gympie North line. The line however, was not formally closed and in 1996 the Mary Valley Heritage Railway Board negotiated to conduct tourist train services on the line. The Mary Valley Heritage Railway commenced operations on the former Mary Valley branch on 23 May 1998. The "Valley Rattler" steam train tours and rail motor rides have since become a major tourist attraction for the region. A large group of volunteers and trainees contribute to the operation and maintenance of the line, rolling stock and buildings between the (former) Gympie Railway Station and Imbil. The cream sheds at Melawondi, Kandanga and Amamoor remain as evidence of the growth and economic importance of the dairy industry to the Mary Valley during the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Amamoor</h3><br>
<p>The railway cream shed sits within the southern end of the Amamoor railway station yard, facing west adjacent to the Mary Valley branch railway line. The cream shed is a square timber structure, set on low timber stumps and sheltered by a gabled corrugated iron roof. The shed is timber framed and is clad and lined with horizontal hardwood boards separated by open spaces, with the interior boards offset to cover the outside spaces. Double timber doors open out to towards the timber platforms on either side of the shed. A set of low timber steps with a concrete block base lead up to the northern end of the platform facing the railway. A guard log is positioned in front of the northern elevation. The recent mural adorning the external timber boards of the shed is not of heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Kandanga</h3><br>
<p>The railway cream shed is located within the Kandanga railway yard. The building sits to the west of the station building, facing north adjacent to the Mary Valley branch railway line. The cream shed is a square timber structure, set on low timber stumps and sheltered by a gabled corrugated fibro roof. The shed is timber framed and is clad and lined with horizontal hardwood boards separated by open spaces, with the interior boards offset to cover the outside spaces. A number of (readily reversible) metal panels and shelves have been mounted internally for storage purposes. Double timber doors open out towards the timber platforms on either side of the shed. A set of low timber steps lead up to the eastern end of the platform facing the railway. The front platform extends to the west onto an earth loading bank retained with horizontal timber boards and vertical steel posts. The recent mural adorning the external timber boards of the shed is not of heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Melawondi</h3><br>
<p>The railway cream shed is located within the Melawondi railway yard facing east adjacent to the Mary Valley branch railway line, and is the only remaining structure within the yard. The cream shed is a square timber structure, set on low timber and concrete stumps and sheltered by a gabled corrugated iron roof. The shed is timber framed and is clad and lined with horizontal hardwood boards separated by open spaces, with the interior boards offset to cover the outside spaces. Double timber doors open out to towards the timber platforms on either side of the shed. The front platform is missing some timber boards.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mary Valley Railway Cream Sheds was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Valley railway cream sheds are important in demonstrating the growth of the dairy industry in the Wide Bay-Burnett, one of Queensland&#39;s most important dairy producing regions during the twentieth century. The construction of the branch railway (1911–1915) and the associated increase in closer settlement in the Mary Valley was a catalyst for the expansion of dairying in the district. The provision of cream sheds along the length of the line during the 1920s to 1940s demonstrates the extent of this expansion. More widely, the cream sheds illustrate the historical importance and role of railways in transporting dairy produce in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The highly intact Amamoor, Kandanga and Melawondi cream sheds demonstrate the principal characteristics of railway cream sheds built alongside Queensland railway lines to facilitate the transport of dairy produce during the twentieth century. Located adjacent to the railway line in station yards and built to a standard design, the small square sheds are clad and lined with horizontal hardwood boards separated by open spaces on both the interior and exterior, with those on the interior offset to cover the spaces on the exterior. The boards are spaced to improve air circulation, resulting in a cooler internal storage area. The sheds stand on low stumps, are sheltered by gabled roofs and have double doors that open out to platforms on either side of the shed for placement and retrieval of cream cans.</p><br>
<p>The Bragg Guesthouse is a historic house at 1615 Cumberland Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a barn, built in 1869, that was converted about 1925 to serve as a guesthouse for the Bragg family, and represents a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture. Its structure is post-and-beam timber  framing, and its exterior is vertical board siding. The interior walls were covered in beaded wood paneling when the conversion was done, but most have since been enclosed in wallboard. The floors are pine throughout.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It had previously been listed on the National Register as a contributing element of the Richard Bragg House, which was delisted after suffering tornado damage.</p><br>
<p>The Wartrace Historic District is an area on the National Register of Historic Places. It covers an area in downtown Wartrace, Tennessee ranging roughly from Spring Street, from Coffey to Main Streets, from Vine Street from Broad to McKinley Streets, and Knob Circle Road from Main to McKinley Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings within the district</h2><br>
<p>Some notable structures within the district include Bethsalem Community Chapel, the Wartrace General Store, and the Caboose Museum, which houses railroad relics. Perfection Leather, a business in operation since the early 1900s, is known for making the saddles worn by the first three national champion Tennessee Walkers. It also manufactured the bridle worn by Bonnie Blue Butler&#39;s pony in the 1939 film Gone with the Wind. A structure included in the district that has earned its own NRHP designation is the Walking Horse Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Architecture within the district encompasses the Queen Anne, Italianate, and Bungalow styles.</p><br>
<p>The Andone Castrum  is a ruined fortification in Villejoubert, Charente, France. It dates from the 11th century.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Andone castrum was built in the medieval diocese of Angoulême.</p><br>
<p>It is now 2 km to the south of the Boixe forest, but in the 10th century the forest was much larger, and began no more than 1 km away.</p><br>
<p>It is about 3 km to the east of Montignac on the Charente River, which meanders from north to south.</p><br>
<p>It lay to the north of the great road from Saintes via Limoges to Lyon, which crossed the Charente at Montignac.</p><br>
<p>The castrum is in an isolated location on a natural mound known as the "butte de la Garenne".</p><br>
<p>The site was occupied by an Iron Age necropolis, and then by a Gallo-Roman villa.</p><br>
<p>The villa was abandoned in the 4th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 950 Angoulême went through a disturbed period as the Carolingian political structures disintegrated.</p><br>
<p>Count Guillaume II Taillefer resigned his power as Count of Angoulême. around 945 and became a monk at the Abbey of Saint-Cybard.</p><br>
<p>He left a bastard son, Arnaud Manzer, but was succeeded by his cousin, Count Bernard of Périgord.</p><br>
<p>After Bernards death in 962 there was a power struggle between Bernards sons and Arnaud Manzer.</p><br>
<p>Arnaud established himself of Count of Angoulême in 975.</p><br>
<p>It seems that he reoccupied Andone during this period of struggle.</p><br>
<p>The site was most likely occupied from around 970–980 until 1028.</p><br>
<p>The site may have been abandoned in part due to lacks of an interior water supply or to the cramped interior.</p><br>
<p>More important, the transfer of the counts residence to Montignac, on the banks of the Charente, may have been due to the counts wish to ally himself to the bishop who controlled that area.</p><br>
<p>The move seems to have taken place at the same time as the move of the monastery of Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, which had been close to Andone.</p><br>
<p>The site has been relatively undisturbed since being abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Between 1971 and 1995 André Debord undertook an investigation of the castrum.</p><br>
<p>His findings were reviewed, reinterpreted and published in 2009 under the direction of Luc Bourgeois.</p><br>
<p>The excavation gives useful insights into daily life around the year 1000 in an aristocratic home.</p><br>
<p>The fort has been classified Monument historique since 13 August 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The fortification was surrounded by a stone wall, around which there was a 1.5 m walkway, then a large U-shape ditch up to 11.3 m wide.</p><br>
<p>It was thought by Debord that there may have been a second moat, but this has been shown to be incorrect.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding woods contained oak, beech and maple, which were used indiscriminately for fuel.</p><br>
<p>The woods had clearings for pasture or crops.</p><br>
<p>The stone wall was jointed with mortar, and may have had a walkway on top protected by a parapet.</p><br>
<p>The wall was protected by an earth rampart on the outside.</p><br>
<p>The irregular oval outline of the wall, in 14 juxtaposed sections, conforms to the shape of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the wall are about 2 m wide but rise no more than 4 m above their foundations.</p><br>
<p>They may have originally been 10 to 11 m high.</p><br>
<p>There were two gates, 2 to 3 m wide, giving access to the enclosed space from the east and the west.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure was about 1,200 m&sup2; in area and held seven stone buildings and two courts.</p><br>
<p>In the northeast there was a long room connected to two others, which appears to have been the base of the ducal hall.</p><br>
<p>There was no fireplace on the ground floor, so there may have been a second-floor room above, about 20 by.</p><br>
<p>The ground level would have been a service area.</p><br>
<p>In the south there were four buildings, of which three shared the same facade.</p><br>
<p>The function of the smaller buildings to the south is not clear, but they may have been used for workshops, storage and for housing the count&#39;s staff.</p><br>
<p>The stone construction is unusual, since most buildings of that period in France were of wood, other than the great royal residences.</p><br>
<h2>Lifestyle</h2><br>
<p>Findings include coins, tools, weapons, many horse fittings, small glass vessels, flat glass plates, furniture of stone, bone and wood, ceramic vessels and small earthenware objects.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of weaving and a smithy, with abundant metal objects.</p><br>
<p>These include ironwork from doors, furniture and chests.</p><br>
<p>The weapons do not include swords or lances, and suggest hunting rather than combat.</p><br>
<p>Locally made chess pieces give evidence of an aristocratic lifestyle.</p><br>
<p>80% of the domestic animals used for meat were pigs, the remainder being cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>Wild game accounted for 4% of the total, including deer (63%), hare (20%), birds (10%) and wild boar (6%).</p><br>
<p>The remains of four horses and seven donkeys were found, as well as a few bones of dog, squirrel, badger, cats and black rats, which were numerous.</p><br>
<p>The Kleiner Auersberg is a mountain, in the Bavarian part of the Rhön mountains. It is situated five kilometres southwest of the centre of Wildflecken in the county of Bad Kissingen on the watershed between the Sinn and Kleiner Sinn.</p><br>
<p>The Kleiner Auersberg is only partly wooded and its summit is thus a good viewing point. In good visibility the views extend as far as the Kreuzberg in the east, Dreistelzberg and Spessart in the southwest as far as the Vogelsberg in the northwest. In very good visibility the Taunus and the skyscrapers of Frankfurt am Main are visible.</p><br>
<p>The Kleiner Auersberg lies within the Wildflecken Training Area, established in 1938. The entire terrain is a military out-of-bounds area. The only opportunity for civilians to climb the Kleiner Auersberg is on the two Volkswandertage ("people&#39;s walking days"), which take place annually on a summer weekend. Due to the good views, usually one of the prescribed routes leads to the summit. A good two kilometres east-northeast rises the slightly higher and densely wooded Großer Auersberg. Neither should be confused with the Auersberg near Hilders in the Hessian part of the Rhön.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Fisher&#39;s Cottage is a heritage-listed house at 215 Brisbane Road, Monkland, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Fishers Cottage was erected and is a simple timber structure, representative of many other miners house in the district. Originally located in Maori Lane at Red Hill, Gympie, it was relocated to is current site in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by the family of Andrew Fisher&#39;s wife, Margaret Irvine, and Andrew and Margaret Fisher are thought to have resided in the house for a short period after their marriage in 1901. Fisher met Margaret whilst residing at her family home in Crown Street, Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Fisher was the first Queenslander to become Prime Minister of Australia. Having worked in mines in his birthplace of Ayrshire, Scotland since the age of ten, he arrived in Queensland in 1885. He was previously involved in miners unions in Scotland where he was blacklisted for his association with the 1881 miners strikes. He continued his association with unions and the Labour movement in Queensland, becoming secretary and then president of the Gympie Branch of the Amalgamated Miners Association. His foray into politics began with his election to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1893, followed by his election to the Australian House of Representatives in the first parliament of the Federation of Australia. He was appointed as Prime Minister after Alfred Deakin&#39;s resignation in 1908. He was re-elected in 1910 and it was during this term that he passed many influential bills and established the Commonwealth Bank.</p><br>
<p>By the time Fisher arrived in Gympie in the late 1880s, it was a well established town. Gold had been discovered in the area by James Nash in 1867, providing the impetus for a rush of prospectors to the area. By 1869, Gympie had a population of many thousands and had been established so rapidly that by the time the official surveyors arrived in 1868, a substantial amount of the town had already been laid out.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Fisher&#39;s Cottage is located within the Gympie and District Historical Society Mining Museum. It sits adjacent to other buildings also relocated to the site, including school buildings and those associated with mining and farming.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is a typical four room single skin timber dwelling with exposed studs externally. It has a verandah with new balustrading to the south-west and south-east elevations and the roof has been re-clad with new corrugated iron. The cottage has been re-painted internally and externally, the internal finish appearing to imitate the wood grain.</p><br>
<p>Entrance to the cottage is from the rear, either into the house itself or via a ramp onto the verandah. Internally, all walls on either side of the central hallway have been replaced with aluminium framed glass sliding doors which allow observation of the four rooms. Each of these rooms contain large collections of early furnishings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Fisher&#39;s Cottage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Fisher was a Gympie miner whose involvement in the mining unions led to a political career culminating in him becoming the first Queenslander to serve as Prime Minister of Australia. Andrew Fishers Cottage was owned by Fishers wife&#39;s family, the Irvines. The Fishers reputedly stayed in the house for a short period after their marriage.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was moved to the site of the Gympie and District Historical Society Mining Museum in 1972 and has special association with that group. The Historical Society have carried out extensive renovations on the cottage and value it as a significant part of their historical village.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Fisher was a Gympie miner whose involvement in the mining unions led to a political career culminating in him becoming the first Queenslander to serve as Prime Minister of Australia. Andrew Fishers Cottage was owned by Fishers wife&#39;s family, the Irvines. The Fishers reputedly stayed in the house for a short period after their marriage.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was moved to the site of the Gympie and District Historical Society Mining Museum in 1972 and has special association with that group. The Historical Society have carried out extensive renovations on the cottage and value it as a significant part of their historical village.</p><br>
<p>No. 1 Scottish Gympie Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Old Brisbane Road, Monkland, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lease occupied by the site was taken up in 1889 as the "No.1 Eastern" mine, forfeited and taken up as the No.3 Great Eastern mine in 1891, but went into liquidation soon thereafter. Gympie Goldmines (Eastern Monkland) Company was formed, and was sold to Scottish investors in 1895, becoming the Scottish Gympie Gold Mines Limited with its head office in Glasgow.</p><br>
<p>By the following year the shaft was down 1,433 ft, the deepest on the field. At this time companies started considering cyaniding their tailings dumps and the company increased the number of stampers in its battery by 50 in 1898. In 1904 the battery was reported to have 125 head of stamps and 394 men employed, and to be raising 7,000 tons of ore for crushing each year, with an estimated ore reserve for another ten years.</p><br>
<p>The company closed the mine in 1923 and in the following year a syndicate of 19 men was formed to purchase the lease over the shaft and winding gear, and mining recommenced intermittently. However the lease was relinquished in 1924 and an auction sale of machinery held. In 1927 W. Runge and O. Alexander took over the mine and battery site and established a cyaniding plant. The leases were held by the Runge family until taken over by the Gympie City Council.</p><br>
<p>The mine was the most productive in the Gympie goldfield producing 608,279 oz of gold from 1,589,162 tons of ore between 1867 and 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place consists of:</p><br>
<p>The standing assay office which has been conserved</p><br>
<p>Concrete foundations of the compressor room, engine room and secondary crushing equipment</p><br>
<p>A 4-head prospecting stamp battery</p><br>
<p>Engine foundations</p><br>
<p>Battery foundations</p><br>
<p>Very large in-ground water tank</p><br>
<p>Capped shaft, headframe foundations and foundations of the winding house.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>No. 1 Scottish Gympie Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The No.1 Scottish Gympie mine and battery is significant in the evolution and pattern of Queensland history because it was the most successful mine in the Gympie Goldfield, which had a major impact on Queensland&#39;s development and was a major example of the impact of overseas investment on the development of the State.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is a rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage and contains the only readable evidence of historical mining activity in Gympie.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates, through surviving foundations and the intact assay office, the characteristics of a large-scale gold mining works and as such has the potential to provide information to increase our understanding of battery technology and management.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Significant as the most intact surviving example of mining remains in the Gympie field and probably the largest gold battery remains in Southeast Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Wodonga House is a heritage-listed farmhouse at Woolooga Road, Widgee, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1902. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Wodonga house was constructed on its original site in 1902. The land on which it was located was first settled in 1849 when a number of runs were taken up by W B Tooth and Company. These holdings eventually developed into a cattle property known as Widgee Station.</p><br>
<p>Government resumptions of Widgee Station began in 1869, and in 1877 James Meakin junior successfully applied for a 640-acre portion, which was to become Wodonga Station. In 1878 an adjoining portion was selected and further land was acquired until 1912 when Wodonga covered 1194 acres, making it one of the largest properties in the district. By January 1882, part of the holding had been transferred to James Meakin senior. The Meakins were cheese makers and also supplied produce to the residents of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1880, the Meakin brothers constructed the first homestead on the site. In 1887, Wodonga was transferred to Catherine Ellen Hillcoat, wife of John William Hillcoat, manager of Hope Crushing Battery at nearby Black Snake Mineral Field. Hillcoat&#39;s son Harold and his wife settled on the property and raised their family of five boys and four girls. The Hillcoats continued the practice of cheese making and dairying and the family lived in the original homestead until 1902, when they constructed the current homestead. The first stage comprised four rooms with a shingle roof. Pine floorboards were brought from the Gympie sawmill in exchange for pine logs from Wodonga. Two rooms were later added and the roof was extended and clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The new building was located adjacent to the existing on the northern side enabling the kitchen to be re-used and eventually connected to the new building. It contained five bedrooms and a sitting room, with the original homestead building retained for use as a schoolroom and accommodation for visitors and workmen. The buildings were surrounded by a picket fence.</p><br>
<p>Around 1908 the Hillcoats ceased dairying and concentrated on raising beef cattle, supplementing their income by selling possum and kangaroo skins. In 1911-1912 the family worked timber getting in the surrounding area, though the property then reverted to dairying under Percy Pointen who married one of the Hillcoat daughters. When Pointen died the property was sold to the Wodonga Pastoral Company and was used to raise beef cattle again. From 1962 the homestead was unoccupied and became derelict. In August 1978, the homestead building was sold to the Widgee Historical Society and relocated to the Widgee Hall and Recreation Association grounds. Repairs have been carried out and it has been restumped and re-roofed. It is currently used intermittently for community events. The original homestead and kitchen have not survived.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Wodonga house is now situated near the clubhouse within the grounds of the Widgee Historical and Recreational Association.</p><br>
<p>It is a rectangular timber structure set on low stumps with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. The roof over the rear section is angled down from the main roof, suggesting it was a verandah that had been extended and built in. The floor joists, studs and rafters are split and adze dressed. An open verandah runs along the front of the building supported on plain timber posts. The building shows evidence of being constructed in stages, the walls containing examples of split slabs, hand dressed chamferboards, pit-sawn weatherboards and machine-sawn boards.</p><br>
<p>The interior is divided into six main rooms divided by timber walls. It has timber floors and is unceiled.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wodonga House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house, formerly at Wodonga, is typical of many small homestead buildings, being built from local materials and showing evidence of being added to and adapted over the years to accommodate the changing needs of its occupants.</p><br>
<p>The building, as part of the former homestead that was constructed by the Hillcoat family in 1902, has local significance for its association with this family who occupied the original site for many years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house, formerly at Wodonga, is typical of many small homestead buildings, being built from local materials and showing evidence of being added to and adapted over the years to accommodate the changing needs of its occupants.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building, as part of the former homestead that was constructed by the Hillcoat family in 1902, has local significance for its association with this family who occupied the original site for many years.</p><br>
<p>Woolooga Rail Bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge at Wide Bay Creek on the Theebine - Kilikivan railway line, Woolooga, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1884 by Owen McDermott & Co. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Woolooga Rail Bridge was built in 1884 and crosses Wide Bay Creek on the Maryborough to Kilkivan branch line.</p><br>
<p>The Kilkivan branch was built while the Maryborough Railway was not connected to any other system. A short section to Dickabram on the bank of the Mary River was opened on 1 January 1886. The section to Kilkivan opened on 6 December 1886 after the completion of the major combined Dickabram rail-road bridge over the Mary River.</p><br>
<p>The Kilkivan branch, built in the hope of stimulating gold and copper mining, was ultimately extended to serve the South Burnett. Besides a major bridge over the Mary River, the Kilkivan branch crossed Wide Bay Creek three times. Tenders were called for just 4 miles, and had to be called twice as the short length made the project unattractive to contractors. The work for the whole section to Kilkivan was let to MCDermott, Owen & Co in August 1884.</p><br>
<p>In order to strengthen the bridge to permit C17 locomotives to operate, instead of just PB15 and B15 classes, the 100 feet spans were divided in the 1933-35 period by inserting timber piers at the centre of each span.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Woolooga Rail Bridge, Wide Bay No. 2 Crossing Bridge, at 25.14 km (15m45c) comprises two 100 feet lattice girder spans with steel cross girders and timber longitudinals supported on concrete piers with timber piers on a concrete base at the centre of each span.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woolooga Rail Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Woolooga Rail Bridge is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history in particular the development of the railway network from Maryborough and the development of gold and copper mining in the Kilkivan area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Woolooga Rail Bridge is an example of a lattice girder bridge dating from the 1880s still in use, although the spans have been halved by extra piers.</p><br>
<p>Traveston Powder Magazine is a heritage-listed gunpowder magazine incorporated within the Traveston Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall at 7 Traveston Road, Traveston, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1887 by Queensland Department of Public Works. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 10 June 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An 1887 brick powder magazine, with post World War II timber extensions, is located on Traveston Road south of the Traveston railway station. The magazine was relocated from Gympie to Traveston in 1898 and became a Soldiers Memorial Hall in 1923. The former magazine is rare surviving evidence of the infrastructure associated with Gympies mining heyday, specifically the use of explosives in deep-reef mining. It is also evidence of the Australian practice of commemorating the sacrifices of World War I and World War II with memorial halls and honour boards.</p><br>
<p>The magazine at Traveston was initially located in the town of Gympie, which was established after the discovery of gold by James Nash, announced in October 1867. The new gold field established Queensland as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. Although the alluvial deposits were quickly exhausted, from 1868 shallow reef mining occurred. From 1875 a third phase of mining began, based on deep reef mining, which marked a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie. Peak gold production occurred in 1903 but by 1927 production at Gympie had almost ceased.</p><br>
<p>Reef mining led to the need for explosives to break up rock. For over a century control of all explosives and gunpowder imported into Queensland was the province of the Harbour Master&#39;s Department (1860–62), the Department of Ports & Harbours (1862–93), the Marine Department (1894-1928), and the Department of Harbours and Marine (1929–63). In 1964, responsibility was shifted to the Queensland Department of Health. Under The Navigation Act 1876 the master of any ship entering a Queensland port with gunpowder to be unloaded had to ensure that it was placed in a government magazine. The various harbour departments therefore were responsible for the provision of magazines and for the safe storage of explosives at Queensland ports of entry. The Act further regulated the conveyance and storage of gunpowder in any place in Queensland, not just in the ports. On the goldfields, magazines were initially administered by the Mines Department, as control of magazines outside ports was not vested in the Marine Department until 1907.</p><br>
<p>Some common magazine design features include sturdy construction, small windows and solid doors, ventilation and overhanging eaves, timber floors with copper nails or timber pegs instead of iron nails, and the provision of lightning conductors and copper earthing straps. Magazines were generally located away from population centres and were sometimes surrounded by earthworks to deflect any blast. In addition, magazine complexes were often surrounded by walls or fences to keep people out. Traveston once possessed all of the above properties except the earthworks.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Department of Public Works built powder magazines during the 1860s at Brisbane, Maryborough and Gympie; and during the 1870s at Townsville, Ravenswood, Mount Perry (Mount Perry Powder Magazine), Millchester, Cooktown (Cooktown Powder Magazine), Eagle Farm, Thornborough and Maytown. The first government magazines at Cairns (on a floating barge), Charters Towers, Croydon, Georgetown, Herberton, Normanton, Port Douglas and Rockhampton were all built in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Magazines were also upgraded and replaced when necessary, and several were built at Gympie, in two different locations. Gympies first magazine was built in 1868 by the Department of Public Works, at a cost of £191, on the west side of Commissioners Gully (just west of today&#39;s Queens Park). The Gympie Times of 27 October 1868 suggested that people use it, "as there is as much powder stored in Mary Street as would blow Gympie out of existence. Rather a pleasant fact to dream about".</p><br>
<p>However, the brick building proved inadequate by 1878. There was insufficient space and a timber skillion section had been added to store excess explosives. A powder explosion in a Mary Street store in 1877 made townsfolk nervous, and tenders for a new magazine were called in May 1878.</p><br>
<p>A new magazine site was chosen on Rifle Range Road, and the new powder magazine was finished, except for painting, by late November 1878. About £496 was spent on construction, and an August 1878 plan shows a timber building set on stumps, with internal dimensions of 25 feet by 18 feet (7.62m by 5.49m), sited within a cutting into a hillside and surrounded by a fence. JG Glover was appointed as magazine keeper in 1880, and in early 1885 James Nash, who had lost most of his money in poor business dealings, was appointed as the magazine keeper at a salary of £100 per annum. His daughter, Miss Amy Nash, eventually became the effective keeper of the magazine on behalf of her father.</p><br>
<p>A dynamite magazine of a similar design to the powder magazine was added to the site at a cost of £217 over 1885-86. An additional powder magazine was built at a cost of £402 over 1887-88, tenders being invited in September 1887. This third magazine was made of brick, with internal dimensions of 30 feet by 20 feet (9.1m by 6.1m) with 14 inch (355.6mm) thick walls. There were three narrow windows on each side, with a door at one end, and the roof ridge was capped with a round ventilator, on which sat a lightning conductor which was earthed by copper straps which dropped from the hipped roof to the ground and trailed away from the building.</p><br>
<p>Despite these precautions, the magazine&#39;s location was still not distant enough from the town for some people, and agitation to move it accelerated after a loud explosion in November 1897, when some old explosives from the magazine were destroyed in an amateurish manner by an explosives company representative, some 700m from the magazine.</p><br>
<p>The locality of Traveston, south of Gympie and on the North Coast railway line, was selected as the site of a new magazine, against the wishes of its residents and the Mines Department. In June 1898 the Mayor of Gympie urged the Queensland Premier to speed up the process of moving the magazines, and tenders to remove the magazine complex and keepers cottage from Gympie and re-erect them at Traveston were called in July 1898. JC Thompsons tender for £659 was accepted in August, and the move was completed by the end of January 1899. When the magazine buildings were moved to Traveston, James Nash and his daughter went with them. When Nash retired in 1912 he was granted a government pension of £100 per annum, in honour of his services to Queensland, and Amy&#39;s husband, Joseph Moore, was appointed keeper of the magazine. James Nash died in October 1913, aged 79.</p><br>
<p>A 29.5 acre (11.94 hectare) Reserve for an Explosives Magazine (Portion 877A), located to the south of the Traveston railway station, was gazetted in April 1900. The magazine keeper&#39;s cottage was located at the northern point of the reserve. An undated plan shows the three magazines arranged in a row, facing the railway line, with the brick magazine in the centre between the two timber magazines. However, locals contend that both timber magazines were located to the north of the brick magazine, and this seems to be supported by 1914 correspondence which refers to the centre building being on stumps. After the move from Gympie, new timber loading stages were added outside the door of each magazine, to face a railway siding from the railway station, and an iron sheeted fence was constructed around the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 Mr Moore reported to the Portmaster of the Marine Department that the gate to the magazines had been broken by the engine during shunting operations, and in 1915 he reported that the floor of the brick magazine was subsiding. Some flooring and the timber joists under it had to be replaced, due to rot and white ants, and reference is made in 1918 to the use of copper nails in the floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the magazine reserve consisted of about 29 acres (11.74 hectares), and the magazine complex is described in April 1921 as having:three magazines, two of iron and one of brick, all in a line, with a siding and loading platform in front. Each of the two iron buildings measures 253" by 172", with 10 walls sheeted outside with iron and pine inside, pine cove ceiling and hardwood floor. Both floor and ceiling are plentifully perforated for ventilation purposes...both buildings are very old...the brick magazine measures 31 by 21, and is a thoroughly sound building...a 7 G.I. fence surrounds the three magazines.The Moores were evicted from the magazine keeper&#39;s cottage at the end of March 1921, and it was transferred to the Railway Department. In August 1921 tenders were invited for the purchase and removal of the magazine buildings and iron fencing and in September the tenders of LJ Macpherson (£5 for the brick magazine) and MJ Griffin (£94 7s 3d for the fence and the two iron magazines) were accepted. However, other parties were showing an interest in the brick magazine building. World War I (1914-1918), although fought in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, had a profound impact on Australia. Over 300,000 Australians out of a population of 4 million volunteered for service overseas, with approximately 60,000 of these making the supreme sacrifice. Most Australian communities, including that of Traveston, lost young men in this war. Following the war, most communities wished to erect a memorial for those who served, and particularly those who had not returned.</p><br>
<p>The Traveston and District Progress Association was formed in June 1914, but the township of Traveston was not surveyed until after the powder magazine closed in 1921. Dairying boomed in the district between the two World Wars, and there was also a thriving local timber industry, shipping out from the railway station. At a meeting of the Traveston districts residents on 13 May 1922, it was resolved to apply to the Minister of Works for the land on which the (brick) magazine building stood in order to transform the building into a Soldiers Memorial Hall, for the use of the citizens of the growing locality. A petition was lodged that month by Harry Walker, MLA, and the 33 signatories included E Toomey (Hon Secretary), MJ Griffin and William McVicar. In July 1922 the Department of Public Lands, which was responsible for leasing the magazine reserve for farming, agreed to survey one acre (0.405 of a hectare) for a Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall. Residential lots were also surveyed on part of the old magazine reserve at the same time.</p><br>
<p>At a public meeting at Traveston on 9 September 1922 John Dickson Kenman, Jens Kristian Hansen, Michael John Griffin, Walter Charles Francis, and William McVicar were nominated as trustees for the Soldiers Memorial Hall Reserve. The residents of Traveston purchased the brick magazine from Walker by December 1922, as the latter had taken over the magazine from LJ Macpherson prior to July 1922. Local knowledge states that the magazine was purchased by five local farmers who each paid £5 and these were probably the five trustees. On 1 February 1923 an Order in Council granted a 1-acre Reserve for a Soldiers Memorial Hall (R.767) to the trustees.</p><br>
<p>The brick magazine was used as a hall by the local community between the wars, and a photograph, possibly from this period or post World War II, shows a timber skillion extension to the east side of the magazine building. At this time the ridge ventilator, lightning rods and copper earthing straps were still in place. The lightening rod assembly reportedly survived on a local farm for some time, and consisted of a copper cylinder about 4 inches in diameter, which had holes for three copper spikes (1/2 inch thick by 2 feet long, or 12.7mm by 609.6mm) to jut out at angles, so that the tips were 2 feet apart. Two 2 inch (50.8mm) copper straps at least ¼ inch (6.35mm) thick led down the sides of the building to be earthed. In the photograph double timber doors are shown in the west end of the magazine, and these may have existed before the building became a hall. These doors are not on the 1887 plans for the magazine. Lead sheeting from under the roofing iron (of either the two timber and iron magazines or the brick magazine) were recycled by locals for stump caps and guttering.</p><br>
<p>After World War II the former magazine was extended, possibly in 1948, the year of the dedication of the World War II Honour Board. The extension involved knocking down the east wall of the magazine, and adding a timber section on stumps, with the front door being reused in the north elevation of the extension. A narrow timber dining room was also added along the north elevation of the brick magazine, so that from the road the original brick structure is not visible. However the 1887 brick magazine building is still intact, complete with its original six narrow windows and their timber shutters. A timber coved ceiling, probably original, still exists in the old magazine section, along with a decorative ventilation grille, although a new ceiling extends partway into the old magazine section from the 1940s timber extension. During the 1950s the old floor and its square copper nails was replaced.</p><br>
<p>Trusteeship of R.767 was transferred to the Widgee Shire Council in July 1989, as all of the original trustees were long deceased. In 1990 the Traveston Tennis Club sought to use part of the reserve for a tennis court, and to enable this use the reserve was redesignated in 1992 as a Reserve for Recreation and Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall (R.1809).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A modest rectangular brick building, screened to the north and east by the Traveston Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall extension, the former Traveston Powder Magazine stands on a sloping, grassed reserve on Traveston Road south of the Traveston railway siding.</p><br>
<p>The powder magazine stands on concrete foundations and is sheltered by a hipped roof clad with early short sheets of corrugated iron sheets. The roof of the building&#39;s eastern end, including the memorial hall extension, is largely clad in recent metal sheeting. Constructed of cavity brick walls 14 inches (355.6mm) thick, the former magazine measures 30 x 20 feet (9.1m x 6.1m) internally with a floor to ceiling height of 10 feet 3 inches (3124.2mm). The three narrow rectangular openings to each long side each measure 42 inches x 18 inches (1066.8mm x 457.2mm) and house solid timber plank and rail windows. The building has a polished timber floor and a coved ceiling lined with painted, beaded tongue and groove timber boards and accommodates a decorative ceiling rose. An opening in the west wall accommodates an escape door. The exterior south and west walls have a cement slurry finish; the north exterior and the interior walls are painted.</p><br>
<p>The stage end of the hall extends from the line of the demolished exterior east wall of the powder magazine. The original door housed to the centre of this wall now hangs to the opening in the north wall at the stage end. The kitchen wing extension runs along the north side. The hall extensions are timber framed, clad with narrow chamferboards and fibre cement sheeting and are lined with fibre cement sheeting. This part of the building has a flat ceiling lined with similar sheeting, which extends over part of the magazine.</p><br>
<p>Three honour boards commemorating soldiers from the Traveston district who fought in World War I, World War II and the Vietnam War hang on the wall at the stage end of the hall. Soldiers&#39; portraits and commemorative inscriptions and plaques also line the walls around the stage.</p><br>
<p>A water tank, toilets and a covered, open carport space stand to the east beyond the stage end of the hall, and these elements are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Traveston Powder Magazine (incorporated within the Traveston Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 10 June 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Traveston Powder Magazine, built in Gympie in 1887 and moved to Traveston in 1898, is important surviving evidence of the deep-reef mining phase of gold mining in Gympie, the site of Queensland&#39;s first major productive goldfield.</p><br>
<p>The use of the magazine as a Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall from 1923 is evidence of the Australian practice of commemorating the sacrifices of World War I and World War II with memorial halls and honour boards.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Traveston Powder Magazine is rare as one of three known surviving 19th century government powder magazines in Queensland. It is also rare surviving mining-related infrastructure from the heyday of deep-reef mining in Gympie.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As an 1880s brick powder magazine of standard proportions, retaining most of its sturdy perimeter walls and all of its narrow solid timber windows, Traveston Powder Magazine remains a good example of its type.</p><br>
<p>Its location next to a railway line, about 18 km south of Gympie, demonstrates the government practice of moving explosives by rail, and keeping explosive hazards at a distance from heavily populated areas.</p><br>
<p>Lake Neepaulin is a small man-made freshwater lake located in Wantage Township in Sussex County, New Jersey in the United States. Located in the watershed of Papakating Creek, a tributary of the Wallkill River, the lake was created in the 1950s by damming an unnamed mountain stream as the feature of a private residential development. The stream, now known as Neepaulakating Creek, did not receive a name until 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Neepaulin is a man-made lake created from the damming of Neepaulakating Creek, a small mountain stream that was not named until 2002.</p><br>
<p>According to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), two developed lake communities in the Papakating Creek watershed—Lake Neepaulin and the nearby Clove Acres Lake contribute to phosphorus loading in the waters of Papakating Creek. The phosphorus loading may originate from the runoff of fertilizer applications on residential lawns, nearby agricultural operations, or from large populations of geese that inhabit the lakes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s, a real estate developer dammed an unnamed stream located to the west and south of Sussex Borough and created Lake Neepaulin. The lake was the center of a planned private lakeside residential community. The lakes name is an amalgamation of the names of the original developers children. In 2014, Wantage Township acquired the lake from the former non-profit management organization and has opened designated public areas to township residents for recreation. In acquiring the property, the municipality assumed responsibility for repayment of a $1.2 million dam restoration loan from the NJDEP.</p><br>
<p>Malampaya Sound is a protected inlet of the South China Sea on the northwestern coast of Palawan Island in western Philippines. It is a geographic sound consisting of a complex of sheltered bays, coves, estuaries and islands separated from the sea to the west by the Copoas Peninsula. The sound is within the municipality of Taytay and is an important feature for the ecology and economy of the province of Palawan. It is considered one of the finest natural harbors in the Philippines and one of Palawan&#39;s richest fishing grounds.</p><br>
<p>The entire embayment and its surrounding landscape was declared a marine protected area in 2000 known as the Malampaya Sound Protected Landscape and Seascape. It covers 200,115 hectare of both aquatic and terrestrial environment with diverse ecosystems consisting of mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds, and a variety flora and fauna endemic to Palawan. The sound is the only known habitat of Irrawaddy dolphins in the Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Malampaya Sound is about 34 km long in a southeasterly direction with breadths of between 3.2 and. It is separated into the shallow brackish "inner sound" and deep saltwater "outer sound", with the division being a group of 13 small islands, the largest being Passage Island, located in the narrow middle portion. The sound is partially protected from the sea by Tuluran Island (also known as Tumbod), a barrier island that is 6.4 km long and 3.2 km wide at its widest point, which divides its entrance into two channels: the 1.1 km wide Blockade Strait to the west, and the narrow 0.2 km Endeavor Strait to the east.</p><br>
<p>The sound forms the coast of eighteen barangays of Taytay municipality, with Taytay Poblacion and Pancol being the largest situated on the Inner Sound. It is indented by several bays and coves and with a surrounding landscape characterized by moderately rolling hills. The sound is fed by several rivers supplying fresh water inflow namely, the Abongan, Alacalian, Bato and Pinagupitan rivers. 8 km north of its entrance is Custodio Point which forms the western border of Bacuit Bay in the municipality of El Nido, itself a managed resource protected area. The Copoas Peninsula, named after its highest peak, Mount Copoas at 1,013 m above sea level, is shared with four barangays of the municipality of San Vicente on its southern side.</p><br>
<p>The Malampaya marine protected area is located some 217 km north of Palawan&#39;s provincial capital, Puerto Princesa. It is also the site of several Tagbanua settlements whose main means of livelihood are fishing and farming, particularly in the areas of Minapla, New Guinlo, Binga, Alimanguan, Pancol and Liminagcong.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Malampaya Sounds waters, coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove coastlines and surrounding lowland forests provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife. More than 156 fish species are found in its waters including commercially valuable fish such as mackerel, anchovy, crevalle, sea catfish, snapper, frigate tuna, rabbit fish and grouper. Crabs and stingray are also abundant in the sound and is also visited by dugongs and marine turtles like green sea turtles and hawksbill sea turtles. The sound is also home to three species of dolphins: the Irrawaddy dolphin found in the Inner Sound, the bottle-nosed dolphin in the Outer Sound, and Rissos dolphin found at Minapla Bay.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding forested landscape consists of primarily dipterocarp trees such as narra, ipil, apitong, dao, kamagong and mancono. It is inhabited by several animal species unique to Palawan, including the Palawan binturong, Palawan pangolin, Palawan stink badger, Palawan treeshrew and Palawan porcupine. A number of endemic bird species are also found in the protected area like the Palawan peacock-pheasant, Palawan hornbill, Tabon scrubfowl, talking myna and Philippine cockatoo. Its forest also hosts the Philippine long-tailed macaque, Asian palm civet and the critically endangered Philippine forest turtle.</p><br>
<p>Otter Lake is located within the Township of Rideau Lakes. The lake lies close to Highway 15 between the villages of Lombardy and Portland. Because Otter Lake lies more or less in a north-south direction, there are often some spectacular sunrises and sunsets that can be viewed from property owners docks, balconies, and decks.</p><br>
<p>From the 1870s to the 1950s, the catchment basin was farmed. Some of the first families to settle the area during this period included Anderson, Frayn, Gillespie, and Wills. Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk at the embassy of the Soviet Union in Ottawa, is believed to have hide at a cottage on Otter Lake during October 1945 during his defection to Canada. Between 1953 and 1991, a large degree of naturalization took place with airphotos showing farmland being abandoned and shrub and tree cover replacing open fields. Camp Otterdale was founded in 1955 by the Harrisons at their family cottage on Otter Lake. Today, the development pressure is relatively high on Otter Lake with approximately 295 cottages, homes and commercial properties. l</p><br>
<p>Otter Lake is not part of the Rideau Canal system. It is part of the Otter Creek / Hutton Creek Complex which is an area with a large north-eastern drainage pattern towards the mid-part of the Rideau River.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area draining into the lake is about 36 square km and the shoreline length is about 20 km. The lake is 124 meters above mean sea level and is part of the Rideau River drainage basin. There are several parent streams flowing into Otter Lake and one primary outlet, which is Otter Creek, which meanders about 33 km before flowing into the Rideau River south of Smiths Falls.</p><br>
<p>Despite its relatively small size, Otter Lake holds a large volume of water and is quite deep, up to 36 m at its deepest location and generally exhibits the characteristics of a mesotrophic lake although the deep bathymetry of the central and southern areas of the lake is more typical of an oligotrophic lake. As a result of its depth, the lake is one of the last lakes in the Rideau Lakes region to freeze in winter, and as a result, the lake is home to a large variety of water fowl.</p><br>
<p>Lake Trout experienced extirpation from Otter Lake likely in the 1970s. There was a few attempts at stocking Lake Trout but they failed and the program was switched over to Splake in the 1980s and 1990s. Since the 2000s, the lake is no longer stocked with Splake primarily because of low oxygen in deep waters during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous natural wetland areas around the lake that are important habitat. Most of these wetlands are classified as "Locally Significant" however some have not yet been evaluated or classified. Wetlands to the east of Otter Lake are classified as "Provincially Significant" and represent an example of "linked wetlands" which allow a more diverse population of wildlife.</p><br>
<p>Otter Lake abuts the Frontenac Axis of the Canadian Shield on the southwest with part of the lake being underlain by carbonate rock. The carbonate rock on the northeastern shore of Otter Lake is some of the only examples of Cambrian rock in Ontario. Otter Lake is also fed by numerous springs although little is known about the volume or source of these springs. Overall, the water in Otter Lake replenishes about every four years by surface runoff, precipitation and springs.</p><br>
<p>The L.D. Hutchinson House is a historic house on the east side of Arkansas Highway 31 in the small community of Floyd, Arkansas, a short way north of its junction with Arkansas Highway 305. The house is a story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and novelty siding. A single-story shed-roof porch extends across the west-facing front, supported by turned posts with decorative wooden bracket at the top. A single gabled dormer projects from the center of the roof, and an ell extends to the rear of the house, giving it a T shape. The house was built in 1914 by L.D. Hutchinson, a local farmer who also operated the local general store and post office.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Gas Station at Bridge and Island Streets is a historic automotive service station in Bellows Falls, Vermont. Built about 1935, it is a modest yet well-preserved example of period roadside commercial architecture of the period. The Colonial Revival building continues to be used as a service facility; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The gas station is located south of the center of the island formed by the Connecticut River and the Bellows Falls Canal, east of the Bellows Falls downtown area. It is set at tne northeastern corner of the Island and Bridge Streets, the two main roads that traverse the island. It is a single-story frame structure, with a flat roof and clapboard siding. It has an office area to the left, highlighted by pilasters and a gabled top, and there are two vehicle bays to the right, each with a modern overhead door. The office area has a plate glass window to the left and a pedestrian entrance to the right, each topped by transom windows. The roof once sported a cupola, of which only the square base remains after it was blown off in a storm.</p><br>
<p>The gas station was built about 1935, around the time that the nearby Vilas Bridge, spanning the river, was built. Along with the bridge, it represents the trend of that period of increasing road and highway transportation, and is a well-preserved example of vernacular Colonial Revival architecture. Gas stations of this vintage are particularly rare in Vermont.</p><br>
<p>Mount Calavite is a peak located in the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. It measures 1,521 m in elevation and is situated in its namesake headland, Cape Calavite, which forms the northwestern extremity of Mindoro.</p><br>
<p>The mountain overlooks the municipality of Paluan in the south and the Lubang Island group in the Verde Island Passage in the north. It is one of only three areas in the island where Mindoro dwarf buffalos, commonly known as tamaraws, are found.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>Mount Calavite is located in an 18,016.19 hectare protected area known as Mount Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary. It was first declared as a game refuge and bird sanctuary in 1920 to protect the natural habitat of the endemic Mindoro tamaraw. In 1925, the mountain and its adjacent area of FB Harrison village, Paluan was proclaimed a national park. The park&#39;s current designation as a wildlife sanctuary dates to 2000.</p><br>
<p>Other wildlife known to inhabit the park include endemic bird species such as the Mindoro bleeding-heart, Mindoro hornbill, spotted imperial pigeon and scarlet-collared flowerpecker.</p><br>
<p>Dog Key Island was a barrier island on the Gulf Coast of the United States, between Ship Island and Horn Island, and off Biloxi, Mississippi. It has been reported as an island occasionally - in the mid-19th century and the early 20th - while at other times it was submerged. As of 2011 it was a few feet underwater, and NOAA has marked two Nautical passes, "Little Dog Keys" and "Dog Keys", next to it.</p><br>
<p>As it stood partly off the territorial waters border of the United States, it was at times used for businesses illegal in Mississippi. Bootleggers used the island and its fresh water during prohibition. More famously, in 1926 three partners opened the Isle of Caprice cabanas hotel, a casino resort where alcoholic drink could be sold openly. The place was very popular, but after continued natural erosion and a hurricane that diminished the sandy island, in 1932 it was abandoned. It lends its name to the Isle of Capri Casinos chain, the first of which was set in Biloxi.</p><br>
<p>The Nidd Aqueduct is an aqueduct or man-made watercourse in North Yorkshire, England. It feeds water from Angram and Scar House reservoirs in upper Nidderdale, North Yorkshire 32 mi to Bradford in West Yorkshire. The aqueduct supplies 21,000,000 impgal of water per day to Chellow Heights water treatment works. The aqueduct and the reservoirs it connects to are all maintained by Yorkshire Water.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1892 Parliamentary Powers were granted for the City of Bradford to dam the River Nidd and its tributary Stone Beck in upper Nidderdale, and to build a conduit that delivered the water by gravity to Chellow Heights in Bradford. As Bradford has no major rivers running through it, the city needed fresh water for drinking and to be able to process wool (fulling). At that time, both Nidderdale and Bradford were in the West Riding of Yorkshire.</p><br>
<p>The first reservoir (Gouthwaite) was started in 1893 so that the water supply to the lower Nidd valley would not be interrupted when work on the upper dams began. In 1904 Bradford Water Works Corporation initiated the building of the next two reservoirs in the scheme in upper Nidderdale. Scar House and Angram reservoirs were constructed by James Watson and Lewis Mitchell respectively. The aqueduct was constructed by Morrison & Mason Ltd.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The aqueduct starts on the south bank of Scar House Reservoir a few metres west of the dam. It tunnels under Rain Stang hill for 2,486 yd at a depth of 484 ft, and re-appears at Armathwaite Gill. There is then a short overground section across How Stean Beck before another tunnel, 1,408 yd long, below Heathfield Moor. The aqueduct then tunnels below Greenhow Hill, 380 ft below the summit, for 6,204 yd before re-appearing at Skyreholme, near Appletreewick. It crosses the River Wharfe between Barden and Bolton Abbey, and then Barden Beck near Barden Beck Bridge. It then heads across open land again, crosses the A59 at Bolton Abbey Railway Station and runs to Chelker Reservoir above Addingham.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct then descends into Airedale and crosses first the Leeds Liverpool Canal over Mauds Bridge in Bingley, then Bingley South Bog Site of Special Scientific Interest. It passes underneath the A650 dual carriageway and crosses the River Aire at Cottingley. It then goes up to Chellow Heights where the water is stored.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The route of the aqueduct is mostly sub-surface, apart from some small sections that drain water into the aqueduct. It was constructed from 12 mi of cut-and-cover, 15 mi of steel and cast-iron pipes and 6 mi of branch feeder pipes. The route is entirely fed by gravity and the use of syphons. These also pick water up from other becks and streams in Nidderdale that the aqueduct crosses. The aqueduct is over 6 ft high inside and is lined with concrete.</p><br>
<p>The only evidence of the aqueduct is in the various crossing bridges and syphons where the route goes across other bodies of water. Most of the exposed sections of the aqueduct have crenelated walls and towers. The bridge over the River Wharfe at Barden Beck is now used by walkers on the Dales Way. A pump was installed at Barden on the River Wharfe that is capable of abstracting 5,000,000 impgal of water a day into the Nidd Aqueduct and bolster the supply to Bradford.</p><br>
<p>The section through Greenhow Hill was 3.5 mi long and was completed in 1899. This was beneficial to the lead miners there as it would drain away excess water from their mineworkings.</p><br>
<p>Another pipe was added alongside the original in 1920. Ten years later, the original pipe was found to be 30 in out of alignment where it runs underneath Bingley South Bog. The 1920 pipe is elevated above the bog on concrete supports, but the original pipe was laid 10 ft down underneath the bog surface. The pressure from the bog was forcing the pipe out of alignment and was in danger of interrupting the water supply.</p><br>
<p>South Rockhampton Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Upper Dawson Road, Allenstown, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860 to 1970. It is also known as Dawson Road Cemetery and Rockhampton Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 February 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The South Rockhampton (Dawson Road) Cemetery was surveyed in May 1860 as the town&#39;s first official general cemetery, encompassing less than half its present area, and fronting the Dawson (now Lower Dawson) Road. The 1858 Rockhampton town plan had made no provision for a public cemetery and, prior to c.1860, burials took place near the Fitzroy River, between Albert and North Streets. The Dawson Road cemetery, sited on a principal arterial road out of early Rockhampton, was established when the population numbered less than 1,000, and just five years after the first settlers had arrived in the area in 1855.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton grew rapidly in the 1860s. Between 1861 and 1866 immigrant ships filled a desperate labour shortage, and the discovery of gold to the west of Rockhampton enticed large numbers of Europeans, Chinese and southern colonists to the district. The rapid growth of the town into a major regional centre in the 1860s-80s is reflected in the history of its principal 19th century cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The first burials were in the early 1860s (the oldest surviving headstone is dated 1861). Nominally, burials were supervised by the Rockhampton Municipal Council, but not until 1864 did the Council commence a proper administration of the cemetery. In late 1864/early 1865 they appointed a sexton, formulated cemetery regulations, started a register of burials, laid out the grounds to represent the major religious denominations, and authorised the removal of remains from the old burial ground to the new. In late 1886 trustees were appointed under the 1865 Cemeteries Act. In 1867-68, french botanist Anthelme Thozet donated trees and seeds from his famous Kalka (North Rockhampton) experimental gardens to the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Although the cemetery had been in use for over a decade, it was not until 1872 that 3 hectares of the site were officially gazetted as a reserve for cemetery purposes. In 1880 the area was extended to nearly 13 hectares. The reserve then included all of the land bounded by Dawson and Upper Dawson Roads, and Prospect and Ferguson Streets. Prior to 1904 there were no burials west of the present north-south main cemetery path, as the ground was considered too rocky. For the same reason, few graves were dug east of the creek running through the cemetery. The resultant problems of overcrowding and shallow graves were exacerbated in 1900 with the outbreak of bubonic plague in the town.</p><br>
<p>Later the Rockhampton Cemetery Trust acquired additional land in Norman Gardens, North Rockhampton, and in 1930 the cemetery reserve at South Rockhampton was gazetted as closed, excluding burials in plots purchased prior to 15 May 1930. In 1937 about 1.6 hectares of the reserve fronting the Lower Dawson Road was surrendered for public park purposes, no graves being identified on this site.</p><br>
<p>In January 1964 the Rockhampton City Council was appointed trustee of the cemetery reserve. Burials ceased c.1970. On 19 June 1986 the Queensland Governor in Council rescinded the cemetery reserve gazettal, and the site remains as vacant crown land. Neither a c.1865 sextons cottage, nor a Chinese incense burner is extant. The wrought iron entry gates and posts, which in 1864 were moved from Rockhamptons recreation ground to the cemetery, have been removed to the Japanese gardens. A perimeter fence no longer exists.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Over 22,000 persons were buried in the cemetery between 1860 and 1970, including Aboriginal, Chinese, German, Jewish and other ethnic groups, with memorials to sailors, miners, soldiers, members of religious orders, mayors, and many of Rockhamptons early inhabitants. The site survives as a significant reflection of the citys social, political and demographic history.</p><br>
<p>Notable people buried in the cemetery include:</p><br>
<p>John Cani, Roman Catholic Bishop of Rockhampton</p><br>
<p>Will Crompton, poet</p><br>
<p>Owen Daniel, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>Sydney Davis, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>Thomas Dunlop, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>James Flint, archictect and alderman of the Rockhampton Municipal Council</p><br>
<p>Thomas Griffin, murderer</p><br>
<p>William Harding, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>William Higson, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>William Kidston, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assemlby, Queensland Premier (1908–11)</p><br>
<p>William Frederick Lambert, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council</p><br>
<p>James Larcombe, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>John MacFarlane, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>Charles Melbourne, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council</p><br>
<p>Frank Reid Murphy, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>Francis Hodgson Nixon, architect and newspaper proprietor and editor</p><br>
<p>Edward Palmer, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>William Pattison, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, Treasurer of Queensland</p><br>
<p>Frederick Shaw, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly</p><br>
<p>Joseph Shiel, Roman Catholic Bishop of Rockhampton</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains two Commonwealth war graves, these being a soldier of the Australian Army from each of the two World Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>South Rockhampton Cemetery is located on an easterly slope of The Range and covers the block bounded by Prospect Street, Upper Dawson Road and Ferguson Street with a landscaped park, tourist information centre and service station to the east side along the Bruce Highway.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is divided into denominational sections including Church of England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, Jewish and non-Judaeo-Christian by a main path leading north to south and a series of minor paths running east to west. There are approximately 2000 surviving headstones throughout these sections and many mounds of earth where graves exist, but the headstones have been removed. The graves form a terracing effect across the site with the exception of the non-Judaeo-Christian section where the burial traditions of the Chinese, Aboriginal and other groups left no visible memorial.</p><br>
<p>A watercourse runs from the southwest corner through the Church of England section to the eastern perimeter. Some headstones exist within overgrown areas of this watercourse, including the only surviving cast iron headstone. A sandstone ridge surfaces within the watercourse, and a headstone dated 1862 is thought to have been quarried from the sandstone on this site, as it has a different grain and colouring to the local Stanwell sandstone used throughout the rest of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Other types of local stone used include white Ulam marble from south of Rockhampton, black granite from west of Rockhampton and grey granite from near Gracemere. Imported stones include Harcourt granite from Victoria, porphyry from Brisbane, white Italian Carrara marble, pink Italian Rosa Porrino granite, Italian saudo grey granite, Baltic brown granite, Balmoral red granite from Finland and black slate from the Mediterranean.</p><br>
<p>Most of the stonework has been undertaken locally by firms of monumental masons including Jenkins and Allen, Jenkins, Allen and McKenzie, with individual masons signing their work. There are some examples of pieces which have been imported fully sculptured.</p><br>
<p>Architectural trends are reflected in some headstones which have Gothic, Classical and Art Nouveau influences. In many cases, grave surrounds are an integral part of the headstone design in creating a piece of sculpture. Labour intensive practices, particularly in the grave surrounds, seem to have been simplified in the interwar period, with cast concrete posts and curbs becoming common, the detailed carving being confined to the headstone or plaque.</p><br>
<p>Notable plant species include Banyan trees (Ficus benghalensis) at the north entrance and in the centre, Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) and Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina) along the north boundary, Cook Island (Araucaria cookii) and (Livistona drudei) palms to the southeast, and a native almond (Terminala porphyrocarpa sin. T.thozettii), named after A Thozet, which is located to the east. The adjoining landscaped park includes barbecue and playground facilities.</p><br>
<p>Damage has occurred to some headstones through acts of vandalism, burning off or negligent mowing with stone or concrete surrounds being chipped.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>South Rockhampton Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 February 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>South Rockhampton Cemetery, established in 1860, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland history in that it provides evidence of the history and demography of the Rockhampton district, particularly displaying the diversity of the town&#39;s cultural, religious and ethnic groups. It is important also in demonstrating architectural trends in monumental design over more than a century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The diverse collection of memorials, the grounds, the formal arrangement of graves, and the historically significant collection of plant species, exhibit particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community generally, and in particular by persons interested in the demonstration of the craftsmanship of monumental masons and in the history of cemetery design and aesthetics.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with persons of importance in Queensland history, and in the Rockhampton district, in particular William Kidston, Premier of Queensland (1908–11), and several mayors of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Karmøy  is an island in the northwestern part of Rogaland county, Norway. The 176.8 km&sup2; island makes up the majority of the municipality of Karmøy, along with the islands of Feøy, some smaller surrounding islands, and part of the mainland south of Haugesund. It is the largest island in Rogaland county. The island is separated from the mainland by the Karmsundet strait. The Boknafjorden lies to the south and southeast of the island. The Sirafjorden lies to the west, separating Karmøy from the islands of Utsira and Feøy.</p><br>
<p>The island of Karmøy is the location of the towns of Kopervik, Skudeneshavn, and Åkrehamn. The island has a population of about 33,101 people (2014). The island is connected to the mainland by the Karmsund Bridge in the north and the Karmøy Tunnel in the central part. There is a regular ferry connection from Skudeneshavn on the southern tip of Karmøy that crosses the Boknafjorden to Kvitsøy and on to Randaberg and Stavanger. Haugesund Airport, Karmøy is located on the island at the western terminus of the European route E134 highway.</p><br>
<p>Brooweena War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Smith Crescent, Brooweena, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1922 by F W Webb. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brooweena War Memorial was erected by the residents of the Woocoo Shire in late 1922. It is not known who designed the monument but it was produced by Maryborough monumental masonry firm F W Webb. The marble and sandstone memorial honours the 39 local men who served during the First World War including the 10 fallen. A later set of plates records the 43 local men and women who served in the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The strength of Brooweena&#39;s patriotic support during the First World War was remarkable. It funded an ambulance for France and has another memorial (a privately funded bridge) south of the town. The size of the digger memorial is large in comparison to the size of the town.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60 000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<p>Although there are many different types of memorials in Queensland, the digger statue is the most common. It was the most popular choice of communities responsible for erecting the memorials, embodying the ANZAC Spirit and representing the qualities of the ideal Australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. The digger was a phenomenon peculiar to Queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed Britain&#39;s lead and established Advisory Boards made up of architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. The digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and architects who were involved in the design of relatively few Queensland memorials.</p><br>
<p>Most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported.</p><br>
<p>The origin of this digger memorial is unclear. The pedestal is of a style not found elsewhere in Queensland and the inscription is also considered to be unusual.</p><br>
<p>The monument originally stood in front of St Mary&#39;s Church of England about three miles from Brooweena on the Maryborough-Biggenden Road in Teebar (now within Boompa). It was unveiled there on Saturday 6 January 1923 by Major-General Thomas William Glasgow. Prompted by fears of vandalism, it was moved to its present location in late 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial is situated in the grounds of The Woocoo Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>It comprises an unusually designed pedestal surmounted by a digger statue.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone memorial sits on a concrete base step. Above this are three smooth-faced sandstone steps, two of which are the same width, separated by a thinner step. On the front face of the two larger steps are leaded marble plaques bearing the names of the men and women who served in the Second World War. The uppermost step is capped with a cyma recta moulding from which the square pedestal projects. Marble plates are located on the side and front faces of the pedestal and bear an inscription in the form of a verse, the names of the 10 local men who fell and the 39 others who served in the First World War. Semi-circular hood-moulds are located over the top of each plaque. A series of moulded steps sit above this, on which the digger statue stands.</p><br>
<p>The digger statue stands with his head erect and his hands resting on top of a rifle which is in the reversed position and rests on the top of the right boot. A tree stump support is located behind and to the right side of the statue.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brooweena War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>This particular statue is of aesthetic value, both for its prominence as a landmark in the town and for its unusual pedestal design and inscription.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1922, the memorial at Brooweena demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements. As a digger statue it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>This particular statue is of aesthetic value, both for its prominence as a landmark in the town and for its unusual pedestal design and inscription.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. This memorial is also significant as evidence of the extraordinary patriotism of the people of Brooweena.</p><br>
<p>War Memorial Bridge is a heritage-listed memorial bridge at Brooweena-Woolooga Road, Brooweena, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Lawrence Stevens Smith and built in 1921 by Frederick William Webb. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brooweena War Memorial Bridge was officially opened on 21 May 1921 by local clergyman the Rev Hardingham. Mrs A Brown, whose son was among the fallen, performed the unveiling of the honour roll. The memorial honours the 9 local men who fell during the First World War.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60 000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<p>Although there were many different types of memorials throughout Queensland, this is the only known example of a memorial bridge. It was designed and funded by Lawrence Stevens Smith of Mount Joseph station and, apart from the masonry piers, was constructed by his station hands, some of whom were returned soldiers. The masonry work was carried out by F W Webb of Maryborough.</p><br>
<p>Although the Smiths lost no sons in the First World War, they still wished to make their own commemorative gesture. Upon completion of the bridge, it was handed over to the Woocoo Shire Council. This is indicative of the strength of Brooweena&#39;s patriotic support during the First World War. The residents of the town and surrounding district funded an ambulance in France and another memorial (the Brooweena War Memorial) in the form of a digger statue is located in the town.</p><br>
<p>The bridge remained in use until a new structure was built in 1972. Shortly after this date, Mr Smith jnr erected a commemorative cairn explaining the significance of the bridge. It remains as a local attraction within the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial Bridge is located 21 km south of Brooweena on the Brooweena-Woolooga Road. Apart from the memorial pillars, it is a typical country bridge located in a treed landscape. It is constructed of timber and is supported by piers to form a slight arch over a small creek. A simple white painted timber balustrade runs between the pairs of pillars located at either end.</p><br>
<p>The white painted sandstone pillars sit on stepped bases and have pedimented entablatures. On the approach side of each pillar are leaded marble plaques. Those at the northern approach bear the names of the nine local men who fell and the theatres of war where they died on one side, and the names of the 38 local soldiers who returned on the other. The pillars at the southern approach display the dates of the First World War.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The War Memorial Bridge at Brooweena was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period. Opened in 1921, the memorial bridge at Brooweena was erected as an enduring record of a major historical event.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as the only known privately erected memorial bridge in Queensland and possibly in Australia. The use of a bridge as a memorial to the First World War is uncommon in Queensland. There is only one other known example, however, it was publicly erected.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as the only known privately erected memorial bridge in Queensland and possibly in Australia. The use of a bridge as a memorial to the First World War is uncommon in Queensland. There is only one other known example, however, it was publicly erected.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Bridge has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. This memorial is of particular significance as evidence of the extraordinary patriotism of the people of Brooweena and specifically with the Smith family who were responsible for its construction.</p><br>
<p>Allan Slab Hut is a heritage-listed slab hut at Warrah Road, Duckinwilla, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Price Property. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Allan Slab Hut at Doongul Creek, via Torbanlea is a basic, hand-built hardwood structure built sometime in the first decade of the twentieth century by Henry Price, an emigrant miner from Wales, as the home for his family.</p><br>
<p>Henry Price arrived by ship in Maryborough sometime around the turn of the century and was followed some time later by his wife Esther Ann Price and her daughter Blodwen Comely Evans Price. It is believed that the family squatted on their small selection before formally selecting the land in 1913. The possibilities for self sufficiency offered by this selection of one hundred and sixty five acres and three roods, would have brought greater economic stability and autonomy than Esther Price had ever known. Illiterate and twice widowed by mining accidents in Wales, Esther married Henry Price in her middle age and emigrated to Australia with her daughter. Their lives were typical of poor migrants who came to Australia and eked out a living on small marginal selections.</p><br>
<p>The slab hut was the first house the family had ever owned and Henry built it himself from hardwood felled, or already fallen, on the property, possibly ironbark or stringybark. Esther was a midwife and in Wales had lived in a tiny urban cottage with her brother and five lodgers. She had to acquire a range of new skills to deal with life in rural Queensland. She cooked outdoors at an uncovered hearth and worked five acres of market gardens to raise a small income.</p><br>
<p>Her daughter, Blodwen married Archibald Allan, a miner from Howard in 1912 and raised her surviving five children on the property in a former school building, brought to the site from Upper Doongul sometime in the 1920s. A number of the children were born on the property with Esther in attendance as midwife. Archibald Allan travelled twelve miles by bicycle to work ten- and twelve-hour days, six days a week in nearby coal mines to support the family after Henry Price&#39;s death. Esther and Blodwen sold vegetables in Howard to supplement his wages which were barely enough to feed the family and the sons hunted for wild birds to provide some protein in their diet. Esther was known in the district as a "wise woman", someone who would assist women in having their babies and it is likely that she traded her midwifery skills for other goods or services. Midwives, both trained and untrained, provided the primary care for birthing women in Queensland until the 1930s and homebirthing continued as a more common practice in rural areas than urban.</p><br>
<p>The mines in the Torbanlea district were a source of opportunity for migrants and yet the conditions for miners were such that financial security was still difficult to attain. Coal was first discovered in the Burrum River region in 1863 and mining was well underway by the turn of the century. There were three producing mines - Burrum, Riverbank and Torbanlea, which in 1900 produced about one fifth of the Colony&#39;s total production. The Burrum Colliery run by Queensland Collieries Company Limited was by far the biggest operation in the district and was the stimulus for the founding of the town of Howard. The managing Rankin family had instituted a rule of "paternal despotism" and the fine house "Brooklyn" that the company built for them in Howard stands in stark contrast to the hand-built timber hut of the Allan family.</p><br>
<p>The Burrum coal mines were the last to be unionised in Queensland, conditions were notoriously bad and average wages were a shilling a day. Miners were paid by the ton, used pick and shovel and were never certain that they would have work the next day. Mining was the only local source of employment and the mine operators dictated the terms of employment. A small number of favoured permanent miners were provided with a miner&#39;s hut, a four-roomed stringybark cottage, of which there were fourteen in Torbanlea. Families had an average of eleven children and whilst most miners usually had only one meal a day, they endeavoured to provide two meals a day for their children.</p><br>
<p>In this context, the construction of the slab hut was something of an achievement. The building method is an improvised version of fencing construction techniques used to construct a basic dwelling of hardwood slabs nailed and wired to posts and rails. It demonstrates the family&#39;s need to make do with what they could find or afford, rather than reflecting a tradition of craftmanship or even bush carpentry. Many mining families in the district lived in dwellings constructed of posts, flattened kerosene tins and hessian sacks and strained economic circumstances meant that many families were not able to hold on to their selections. In fact, the Allan family property is now an isolated piece of freehold land within an area of former selections that reverted to Crown land when previous owners were unable to sustain a living. The resilience and tenacity that was necessary for the Allan and Price families to be able to hang on to their selection and indeed consolidate and develop it, is demonstrated by the length of time that the hut was used as a dwelling.</p><br>
<p>Esther Price lived in the slab hut until she died in 1936. She planted a fig tree that now shelters the hut, which is situated amongst the remnant evidence of the orchards and market gardens that once surrounded it. Three other trees have been planted on the property to commemorate members of the family, two figs and a crow&#39;s ash. The slab hut has subsequently been used as a fowlhouse and for general storage and is currently not used.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Allan Slab Hut is a small structure, approximately three metres by four metres in plan, located on a property in the vicinity of Doongul Creek, west of Torbanlea. It has a simple rectangular form, a pitched roof and a lean-to addition on the northern side. A large fig tree is located to the north, along with remnants of former fences and hitching rails.</p><br>
<p>The walls are constructed of vertical hardwood slabs that have been shaped with an axe or adze. The slabs have been dressed at the top and bottom to conform to a regular depth and are connected to top and bottom plates with either nails or lengths of twisted wire. Rails have been checked into round corner posts and there is also a central round post in each of the long sides of the hut. The floor is formed from ant-bed and although now covered with dust, is clearly discernible. An entry door is located on the eastern wall, it has a fanlight space above that is covered with corrugated iron. In the eastern end of the southern wall the slabs have been cut at about two-thirds height to form a long window-like opening. This has now been boarded up with horizontal boards. A galvanised, corrugated iron water tank is also situated against the southern wall.</p><br>
<p>The corrugated iron sheeting and roof battens have been replaced, however, some of the roof structure consists of hewn rafters. The gable ends are infilled with horizontal timber boards. The lean-to on the northern side also appears to be more recent. It is roughly constructed of a mixture of round and hewn rafters. The plate supporting the roof structure has been simply nailed or wired to the slab wall and the other edge of the roof is supported by three large round timber posts. The western end of the lean-to space has been enclosed with horizontal sheets of corrugated iron and the northern wall is enclosed with chicken wire.</p><br>
<p>An exterior hearth formed of a semi-circle of river stones located at the western end of the hut is now covered with dirt and can only be seen in times of heavy rain. Beyond the fig tree on the northern side is a small waterhole. The former orchard area lies beyond this, with a single Chinese Date tree surviving.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Allan Slab Hut was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Allan Slab Hut is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, representing the continuity of pioneering life in rural Queensland into the twentieth century. The hut provides evidence of the harsh and basic living conditions and improvised building techniques and survival tactics employed by settlers of the Burrum region.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As a surviving example of a slab building constructed using primitive building techniques and erected in the early twentieth century, the Allan Slab Hut demonstrates rare, uncommon and endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Allan Slab Hut, together with the large adjacent fig tree, has aesthetic significance for its qualities as a ruin and integral part of its rustic setting, evocative of past agricultural and domestic activities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with impoverished mining families of the Burrum region, reflecting the struggle and hardship experienced by this community as they toiled to establish viable lives for themselves.</p><br>
<p>Philippopolis is one of the ancient names of the city of Plovdiv by which it was known for the most of its recorded history. In 342 BC Philip II of Macedon conquered the Thracian town of Eumolpias and gave it his name. Later, Philippopolis became part of the Roman empire and capital of the Roman province Thracia. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Philippopolis had a population of 100,000 people in the Roman period.</p><br>
<p>The city was originally a Thracian settlement, later being invaded by Persians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Goths, Huns, Bulgarians, Slav-Vikings, Crusaders and Turks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest signs of habitation on the territory of Philippopolis date as far back as the 6th millennium BC when the first settlements were established. Archaeologists have discovered fine pottery and objects of everyday life on Nebet Tepe from as early as the Chalcolithic, showing that at the end of the 4th millennium BC, there already was an established settlement there. Thracian necropolises dating back to the 2nd-3rd millennium BC have been discovered, while the Thracian town Eumolpias was established between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC.</p><br>
<p>The town was a fort of the independent local Thracian tribe Bessi. In 516 BC during the rule of Darius the Great, Thrace was included in the Persian empire. In 492 BC the Persian general Mardonius subjected Thrace again, and it became nominally a vassal of Persia until 479 BC and the early rule of Xerxes I. The town was included in the Odrysian kingdom (460 BC-46 AD), a Thracian tribal union. The town was conquered by Philip II of Macedon and the Odrysian king was deposed in 342 BC. Ten years after the Macedonian invasion the Thracian kings started to exercise power again after the Odrysian Seuthes III had re-established their kingdom under Macedonian suzerainty as a result of a somehow successful revolt against Alexander the Great&#39;s rule resulting in neither victory, nor defeat, but stalemate. The Odrysian kingdom gradually overcome the Macedonian suzerainty, while the city was destroyed by the Celts as part of the Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe, most likely in the 270s BC. In 183 BC Philip V of Macedon conquered the city, but shortly after the Thracians re-conquered it.</p><br>
<p>In 72 BC the city was seized by the Roman general Marcus Lucullus but was soon restored to Thracian control. In AD 46 the city was finally incorporated into the Roman Empire by emperor Claudius; it served as metropolis (capital) of the province of Thrace and gained a city status in the late 1st century. Trimontium was an important crossroad for the Roman Empire and was called "the largest and most beautiful of all cities" by Lucian. Although it was not the capital of the Province of Thrace, the city was the largest and most important centre in the province. As such the city was the seat of the Union of Thracians. In those times, the Via Militaris (or Via Diagonalis), the most important military road in the Balkans, passed through the city. The Roman times were a period of growth and cultural excellence. The ancient ruins tell a story of a vibrant, growing city with numerous public buildings, shrines, baths, theatres, a stadium and the only developed ancient water supply system in Bulgaria. The city had an advanced water system and sewerage. In 179 a second wall was built to encompass Trimontium which had already extended out of the Three hills into the valley. Many of those are still preserved and can be seen by tourists. Today only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.</p><br>
<p>In 250 AD the whole city was burned down by the Goths, led by their ruler Cniva, and many of its citizens, according to Ammianus Marcellinus numbering 100,000, died or were taken captive. It took a century and hard work to recover the city. However, it was destroyed again by Attila&#39;s Huns in 441-442 and by the Goths of Teodoric Strabo in 471.</p><br>
<h2>Urban planning</h2><br>
<p>The plan of the urban area of Philippopolis was revealed to a large extent during the archeological works in central Plovdiv carried out between 1965-85. Archeological studies and historical records confirm the presence of three archeological levels: Hellenistic, Roman and Late Roman.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic period</h3><br>
<p>The initial planning and construction of Philippopolis started during Philip II&#39;s rule and continued during the reign of Alexander the Great and the Diadochi. Some authors assume that the first stage of the construction of Philippopolis ended around 500 BC.</p><br>
<p>During the Hellenistic period, the former Thracian town built on the hills descended to the plain. Archeologists confirmed that the Hippodamian plan (the orthogonal urban plan of Hippodamus of Miletus) was applied to Philippopolis which was used in other ancient towns like Miletus, Ephesus, Alexandria and Olynthus. Hellenistic Philippopolis had a network of orthogonal gravel streets which intersect each other perpendicularly. Some of the streets had sidewalks, curbs and proper slope to accommodate rain water drainage. The intersecting streets formed the rectangular city blocks (insula) with residential and public buildings. A great number of public structures were built in Philippopolis such as theatre, stadium, agora, temples, thermae. The unit of measure used in the first period of construction in Philippopolis was the Attica (Athens) step (296 mm).</p><br>
<p>Despite the unstable political and economic environment from the 4th century BC to the 1st century BC, large-scale urban planning and complex construction techniques were implemented in Philippopolis. The initial urban planning model of the town adopted in the Hellenistic period was strictly followed and developed after the city became part of the Roman empire.</p><br>
<h3>Roman period</h3><br>
<p>The second building period in Philippopolis refers to the period after the town became part of the Roman empire in 46 AD and capital of the Roman province Thracia. Extensive renovation and large-scale construction took place during that period in order to meet the growing needs of the population. The Romans continued the legacy left by the Greek architects of Philippopolis. The unit of measure used by the Romans (the Roman foot - 296 mm) coincided almost entirely with the Attica step used in the Hellenistic period thus allowing them to easily follow the initial urban planning model of the town without making significant alterations.</p><br>
<p>In the Roman era the built up area of Philippopolis in the plain totaled 50 hectare. It included around 150 insulae each with a width of 1 actus (35.5 m) and length of 2 actus (71 m). The existing street network was renovated and expanded with water supply and sewer system beneath it. The area of the road network amounted to 100,000 sq.m. The streets were paved with large granite slabs. The width of a normal street was 15 Roman feet (4.4 m) while the width of the main streets reached 30 Roman feet (8.9 m). Some of the important public buildings from the Hellenistic period like the theatre, the stadium, the agora were rebuilt and expanded. A typical characteristic of the buildings in Roman Philippopolis was their large scale and lavish decoration which expressed the greatness and influence of the Roman Empire.</p><br>
<h3>Late Roman period</h3><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>SS Marloo is a heritage-listed shipwreck at Great Sandy National Park, Fraser Island, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 October 2002 but delisted in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>SS Marloo was a steel steamer of 2628 tons owned by the Adelaide Steamship Company. Formerly the "Francesco Crispi", it was built at Newcastle upon Tyne, England in 1891.</p><br>
<p>In September 1914, SS Marloo was steaming from Mackay to Brisbane when she hit s submerged danger on Sandy Cape Shoal off Fraser Island. She was taking on water fast, so the captain streered the ship and deliberately beached it on Fraser Island about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Waddy Point on 27 September 1914. The crew and all 38 passengers were rescued. A subsequent enquiry found the ships captain was at fault for not exercising sufficient care and attention in navigation in an area of known dangers. Most of the steamers cargo was salvaged before a north-easterly gale frustrated attempts to refloat her and she soon went to pieces. The remains of the Marloo have been blasted to recover brass.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, some of the wreckage became disassociated from the main wreck, which led to a listing on the Queensland Heritage Register in 2002 in an attempt to protect the disassociated wreckage. However, in 2015, it was delisted from the Queensland Heritage Register as the Australian Government&#39;s Shipwreck Act now provides adequate protection for the sites containing relics of shipwrecks.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The wreck of the SS Marloo are located on the beach about 4 km northwest of Waddy Point on Fraser Island in about 8 to 9 metres of water. The remains are located below the surface and are sometimes exposed due to tidal events and erosion. The remains were last exposed in October 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The SS Marloo was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 October 2002; it was declared by regulation of the Queensland Heritage Act 1992 (see Section 8 of the Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003) to be a protected area.</p><br>
<p>The Woody Island Lighthouses are a pair of heritage-listed lighthouses at Woody Island in the Great Sandy Strait, Hervey Bay, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1866 to 1870. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 March 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The twin timber lighthouses, and lightkeeper&#39;s residence at North Bluff, were constructed in 1866 to designs prepared by the Office of the Colonial Architect, Charles Tiffin. A second residence was constructed at Middle Bluff in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Up until 10 December 1859, the colony of New South Wales extended as far north as Cape York Peninsula. In 1859, the new colony of Queensland acquired over 5000 kilometres of coastline which had few safety features in place, and became responsible for all navigation lights and harbours along this coastline. At the time the only lighthouse which existed was Cape Moreton Light at Cape Moreton by the New South Wales Government in 1857.</p><br>
<p>By 1859, Maryborough, first settled in 1847, was already operating as a port of some importance. The main export was wool from the inland areas. Migrant ships were also coming into Maryborough. Ships coming into Maryborough had to enter through Hervey Bay, an area full of sandbanks, on which ships could easily become stranded. A channel, with a minimum of over five metres of water at low tide, ran down the middle of the Bay, past the east of Woody Island, along Fraser Island and into the Mary River.</p><br>
<p>In 1862, the Queensland government had appointed a Portmaster, Commander George Poynter Heath and had passed the Marine Board Act 1862. GP Heath (1830–1921) was born at Hanworth, in Norfolk, England. Late in 1859 as a lieutenant, he applied for the government post of marine surveyor in the new colony of Queensland and was appointed. In his thirty-three tenure of office in what became the sub-department of harbours, lighthouses and pilots, Heath was responsible for supervising the opening of 13 new ports, establishing 33 lighthouses, 6 lightships and 150 small lights and marking the inner route of the Great Barrier Reef. In November 1887 he retired from public service because of ill health and later returned to England.</p><br>
<p>In the two years following the establishment of the Marine Board Act 1862, due to a lack of funds to spend on marine safety, activity concentrated on dealing with pilots and harbour lights, The issue of coastal lights was not taken up until 25 May 1864, when Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly moved that a Select Committee be appointed to inquiry into and report upon the state of the harbours and rivers in the colony. The Committee consisted of Messrs Macalister, Douglas, Sandeman, Cribb, Challinor and Bell and convened for the first time on 27 May 1864. The Committee widened the terms of reference to include the question of the necessity of additional lighthouses on the coast of Australia, within the colony of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In a "Notice to Mariners" in the Queensland Government Gazette, in 1865, mention was made of the Burrum River which formed part of Hervey Bay, and that, when property beaconed and buoyed, the river would be easy steamers and small craft to navigate. In the same year, orders were sent for two lights for Herveys Bay, as Hervey Bay was then known. Towers for fourth order, fixed (non-flashing) lights on Woody Island were completed by contract in 1866 and the lanterns were placed and fixed by the pilots boat crew in 1867. Bringing the lenses and holophotes down from Maryborough and getting them up into the lanterns and finally adjusting them, took around ten days.</p><br>
<p>A call for tenders for the construction of lighthouses and a lightkeepers cottage on Woody Island was advertised in the Maryborough Chronicle on 26 May 1866. Plans and specifications for the buildings were available in the Harbor Office in Maryborough. It is likely that the design for the lighthouses and the original lightkeepers cottage at North Bluff was prepared by the Office of the Colonial Architect, Charles Tiffin. The Office prepared the specifications for the cottage at Middle Bluff two years later (1868). The plans were likely to have been overseen by Robert Ferguson. Ferguson was employed by Tiffin as a temporary foreman of works from 1864–1870, where, in 1867, wrote specifications for and oversaw construction of the lighthouses at Bustard Head and Sandy Cape.</p><br>
<p>John Simpson was appointed as the first lightkeeper of Woody Island and the lighthouses became operational on 1 October 1867. The two lights were considered as one unit, twin lights that lined up with each other. In the Government Gazette in 1867, Portmaster, GP Heath described how the lights operated together in order to guide vessels through Hervey Bay:When entering Hervey&#39;s Bay, steer so as to pass one or two miles of the Fairway Buoy, until the two lights on Woody Island are visible, and a brought into line. Steer with the lights in one...until the two lights are almost on the same level... keep a look-out for the red buoy... On sighting the buoy, steer...... for the red buoy off the Woody Island Spit... When the lights are seen to become red at the same time, a vessel is about one-third of distance from the spit across the channel... From thence, steer to pass... as usual... until the high light is obscured... Steer SSW until the light again opens out as a bright light... from which a course must be... shaped for the river heads..</p><br>
<p>Initially, a keepers house was built at North Bluff. The main light was positioned south at Middle Bluff, however, keepers quarters were not constructed at Middle Bluff until 1868. Both lights had signal masts and a storage shed was built on the beach at Middle Bluff, on the eastern side of the island, to store kerosene for the lighthouse along with other provisions.</p><br>
<p>The lamps and burners were the first of that size and description ever constructed for petroleum oil, and burnt with great certainty and less variation of flame than other petroleum burners. The Portmaster was concerned, however, as to whether he was justified in having only one lightkeeper on the island, considering its nearness to Fraser Island. The lights were two nautical miles apart, over a bad road, and the keeper, while at one light, left his family unprotected near the other lighthouse. Also, in the case of sudden illness, there was no person able to light the distant light, which might have led to very serious results.</p><br>
<p>The issue regarding the safety of the lightkeeper and his family was resolved in 1868, when an assistant lightkeeper was stationed at the upper lighthouse (North Bluff) and a house built nearby. The contract for the cottage for the assistant lightkeeper went to Messrs Pawson and Humberstone for £127, and was built from drawings and specifications prepared by the Office of the Colonial Architect, Charles Tiffin. The telegraph line was completed to Woody Island about 1870, thus allowing the lightkeeper at the lower lights to communicate the approach of vessels from the northward, and the assistant, the approach of those from the southward.</p><br>
<p>The Portmaster proposed a line of telegraph between Woody Island and Maryborough, not only on account of any accident which might happen to the lights or lightkeeper, and as an instalment of the line which must eventually be carried on to Sandy Cape when the lighthouse was established there, but as a consequence to vessels arriving in Hervey Bay, or passing through the Great Sandy Strait, and wishing to communicate with Maryborough or any other station without going the thirty miles up the river and back again unnecessarily.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, the telegraph line was established and Woody Island was connected to the mainland and Maryborough. The line crossed underwater from Urangan and was carried on iron poles imported from England up to the Middle Bluff lighthouse. In 1903, the telegraph line was connected to the Sandy Cape Lightstation from the Middle Bluff light. The line was carried on iron poles down to the eastern shore of the Island to a point known as Jefferies Beach, where the cable again went underwater to Fraser Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, Woody Island was listed as a reserve for the Queensland Acclimatisation Society. This reserve was in place until 1959. During their time of association on the Island, the Society introduced several pairs of rabbits in 1866. Rabbits remained on Woody Island until 1952 when myxomatosis was carried to the island via mosquitoes and the rabbit population was killed off. Also, in 1871, one of the lightkeepers, Mr Sheridan, introduced 200 coconut trees to Woody Island, of only one of which has survived.</p><br>
<p>The first lightkeeper, John Simpson, remained at Woody Island until 1870, when he was transferred to the Sandy Cape Lightstation. Simpsons replacement was Peter Hardie, lightkeeper, who remained on Woody Island until 1897. In 1883, Hardies daughter, Sarah May Hardie, died of lung congestion and was buried south of North Bluff. It is thought that a number of other unmarked graves are located in the area.</p><br>
<p>During the period when the lighthouses were operational, Woody Island was predominantly cleared of vegetation, this enabled a clear view to the lights and the signal masts from the mainland. Today, regrowth covers much of Woody Island.</p><br>
<p>The North Bluff light was converted to an unwatched automatic light on 21 June 1937 running on gas. The keeper was no longer employed but remained in the house. The North Bluff Lighthouse was closed on 17 June 1959, at the same time, the Middle Bluff Lighthouse was automated, running on gas. In April 1960, Woody Island was gazetted as a national park. The gazettal of Little Woody Island as a national park followed in February 1977.</p><br>
<p>Following the automation of the Middle Bluff Lighthouse in 1959, the keepers&#39; residences at Middle and North Bluff were demolished during the 1960s. In 1985, Middle Bluff Lighthouse was converted to solar power, only to be closed two years later in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Some maintenance and conservation work has been undertaken in the last few years by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, particularly to the Middle Bluff Lighthouse. With reasonably easy access to Woody Island from nearby Hervey Bay, school and other tour groups are regular visitors to the island.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Woody Island Falls within the Great Sandy approximately five kilometres due east of Urangan, between Fraser Island and the mainland. The island has an area of about 660 hectares of undulating terrain and is approximately eleven kilometres long by three kilometres wide. The island is heavily timbered with hardwood species. A central ridge divides the island, rising to about 80 metres above sea level. The slope is easy on the landward or western side and falls steeply to seaward, culminating in an abrupt and discontinuous rocky escarpment towards the north which extends for about nine and a half kilometres. A small sandy beach is located towards the southern seaward point.</p><br>
<p>The ground cover consists of sparse native grasses on two old lighthouse clearings and dune flats, with very little cover through the higher and timbered areas. The two lighthouse clearings are located at Middle Bluff and North Bluff. The lighthouses are no longer operational.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Bluff Lighthouse and surrounding area</h3><br>
<p>The Middle Bluff lighthouse is relatively intact. It has a hardwood timber frame clad with timber weatherboards. The lamp and prisms have been removed and the lamp room glass has been replaced with plastic. The second landing window has been replaced with an aluminium one, while the lower landing window has been removed and built over. A steel mesh grill has been installed in the lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Internally, a timber ladder leads from the lower section to the upper section, or lamp room, of the lighthouse. A smaller opening then leads to the deck of the lighthouse. The timber deck and iron railings are intact and in good condition. The position where the light was placed in the lamp room is also evident.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the lightkeepers residence are located a few metres to the north of the lighthouse. The residence was removed in the 1960s and the remains are predominantly timber boards. Some of the stone paving surrounding the keepers residence is discernible to the east of the lighthouse, however, it is not particularly clear at ground level and is better viewed from the deck of the lighthouse.</p><br>
<h3>North Bluff Lighthouse and surrounding area</h3><br>
<p>The North Bluff lighthouse is in a more dilapidated state than the Middle Bluff light. Similar to the Middle Bluff lighthouse, the North Bluff light has a frame of timber hardwood. Much of the timber weatherboard cladding is coming away from the frame. Nothing remains of the lamp room. Most of the timber deck and iron railings are evident, particularly on the northern side of the lighthouse, though some of the railings have fallen to the ground. The lighthouse is surrounded by timber posts which were once part of a fence, constructed in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The timber remains of the assistant lightkeeper&#39;s residence are located about four hundred metres to the south of the North Bluff light. Unlike the paving at the Middle Bluff light, the stone paving surrounding the position where the residence was located at North Bluff is very clear. The square position of the house is evident and the remains of a wood-fired stove remain. Glass, ceramic and other items found by the various tour groups, particularly school groups, have been placed in a large mound on the stone paving.</p><br>
<p>About twenty metres to the south of the residence is a large mature tree near a brick-lined depression which housed toilet facilities.</p><br>
<h3>Site of Signal Mast, North Bluff</h3><br>
<p>The site of the Signal Mast is located to about 100 metres up a slight incline to the west of the former residence site. The site is defined by a circular rock-lined area with the remains of the Signal Mast in the middle. The signal mast is no longer extant with only a circular metal base with the remains of a coat of black pitch in situ.</p><br>
<h3>Rock-lined Track</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the track are extant at Middle Bluff, the track, however, is not particularly clear. Following the path north the North Bluff lighthouse, the track becomes clearer. At one point, the track disappears and reappears further along. The rock-lined track runs for approximately four kilometres, apart from the section (of around one kilometre) where it disappears.</p><br>
<h3>Telegraph Line</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the telegraph line include the first line which ran along the western side of Woody Island to the mainland at Urangan and on to Maryborough and the second line which ran along the eastern side from Jeffries Beach across to Fraser Island and the Sandy Cape Lightstation. The remains include the cast iron poles, some with cross arms and glass insulators still intact.</p><br>
<h3>Graves Site</h3><br>
<p>The grave of Sarah May Hardie is located on the eastern side of Woody Island south of the North Bluff light. It is a concrete headstone with the words "SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF SARAH MAY HARDIE WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE AUG. 8 1883 AGED 19 YEARS "KEPT"," engraved on it. It is surrounded by a recently constructed painted, timber, picket fence. The remains of the original fence are located near the grave. The original fence posts are timber with decorative, chamfered tops.</p><br>
<p>A number of other unmarked graves are thought to be located in the same area as Sarah Hardie&#39;s grave. The exact location of these, however, is not clear. There are reputedly nine graves on Woody Island.</p><br>
<h3>Gas Shed and Gas Pipeline</h3><br>
<p>The kerosene shed is a single storey, timber framed shed, with a gable roof clad with recent corrugated, galvanised iron, with a skillion roof extension. At the rear elevation, the building has a small, copper piping. This piping was laid underground and extended up the ridge to the Middle Bluff lighthouse. The copper pipeline is still extant and visible is some places along the track leading to the Middle Bluff lighthouse. The pipeline is surrounded by square, fibro sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Woody Island Lighthouses were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 March 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1866, while not forming part of the major lighthouses constructed along the Queensland coast from the late 1860s to 1890, the Woody Island Lighthouses are significant in demonstrating Queensland&#39;s history, occupying an integral part in understanding the establishment of maritime navigational aids along the Queensland coast, and reflects the growth and development of Queensland after its separation from New South Wales. The site survives as an important illustration of the early industrial development of Queensland, and of the settlement of the Maryborough/Hervey Bay in particular, and the geographical importance of the area for maritime and communication purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Woody Island Lighthouses and Ancillary Buildings Site is associated with Commander George Poynter Heath, the first Portmaster of Queensland (1862–1890), a significant figure in the development of the Queensland lighthouse service. Heath was responsible for supervising the opening of 13 new ports, establishing 33 lighthouses, 6 lightships and 150 small lights and marking the inner route through the Barrier Reef.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Woody Island lighthouses are further significant as rare examples of twin lighthouses constructed along the Queensland coast.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With further archaeological and historical research and analysis, the place has the potential to reveal important information about Queensland&#39;s history and early maritime technology and to reveal further information about infrastructure and other grave sites associated with the lightstation and with the history of Woody Island.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Constructed using an octagonal, timber-framed tower clad with weatherboards, the Woody Island lighthouses are significant as early examples of this type of construction, typically found in Queensland. The use of timber framing (usually clad with iron) was even more frequent following the construction of the Lady Elliot Island Lighthouse in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The ambience of the lighthouses, including the ruins and the overgrown vegetation, combined with their distinctive positions on the Island, overlooking Hervey Bay, the Great Sandy Strait and neighbouring Fraser Island and Little Woody Island, creates a strong aesthetic appeal which has attracted public interest and has invited "exploration", for many years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>For the Hervey Bay and Maryborough communities, the place has a strong association with their heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Woody Island Lighthouses are especially significant for its strong association with the life of the lightkeepers, their families and maintenance and stores people, who contributed to the continuum of a system dedicated to the single aim of maintaining the navigational aids for a period of nearly 120 years.</p><br>
<p>Howard War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at William Street, Howard, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1921. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Howard War Memorial was unveiled on the 17 December 1921 by local war hero and politician, Colonel Colin Rankin (father of Queensland&#39;s first woman Senator, Dame Annabelle Rankin). The pedestal was produced by Maryborough monumental mason, John T Satchwill, and the statue was imported from Italy. The memorial honours the 37 local soldiers who died during the First World War. Later plates honour the two soldiers who fell during the Second World War and one who fell during the Korean War.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, a Howard and Burrum district memorial committee was established to raise funds for a war memorial. They were assisted by the ladies of the Red Cross in raising approximately £300.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the digger statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<p>Although there are many different types of memorials in Queensland, the digger statue is the most common. It was the most popular choice of communities responsible for erecting the memorials, embodying the ANZAC spirit and representing the qualities of the ideal Australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. The digger was a phenomenon peculiar to Queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed Britain&#39;s lead and established Advisory Boards made up of architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. The digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and architects who were involved in the design of relatively few Queensland memorials.</p><br>
<p>Most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported.</p><br>
<p>The statue at Howard was imported from Italy and is unique in that no concessions have been made to the appearance of an Australian soldier. The statue is depicted in full Italian Alpino uniform and accoutrements, including badges. The demarcation of the rank of Sergeant is unique to this memorial. It is also one of only two in Queensland to include a back pack, the other being the Bundaberg War Memorial. However, newspaper reports of the unveiling described the statue as an Australian soldier.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial is located in a prominent location facing the intersection of William and Steley Streets. It is surrounded by a low green painted fence of cast iron posts with decorative finials joined by circular rails.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone and Italian marble memorial comprises a pedestal surmounted by a digger statue.</p><br>
<p>It sits on three steps of red painted concrete which are surmounted by a base step of smooth-faced sandstone with chamfered corners. Above this are two more steps, each capped with cyma recta moulding. On the front face of each step is a leaded marble plaque.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal itself comprises recessed square plates with leaded marble plaques on each face bearing the names of the 37 local soldiers who died in the First World War, including two who died in camp. There are also leaded plates listing those who fell in later wars; two in the Second World War, and one in the Korean War. At each corner is an engaged column with Doric order capitals and bases and fluting to the lower half. These support a small cornice, capped with a larger frieze and cornice.</p><br>
<p>The digger statue stands on a base above the cornice and stands erect with the right foot forward and a tree stump for support. The life-sized statue is of Italian marble. The dress is that of an Italian-Alpino soldier, and his features are also Italian in nature.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Howard War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>It also has a special association with monumental mason, John T Satchwill as an example of his work.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>However, it is also highly significant as an example of an imported statue which was in no way modified for its Australian purchasers. Demarcation of rank is unique among soldier statues in Queensland and the inclusion of a backpack rare occurring elsewhere only on Bundaberg&#39;s war memorial. This statue is the most notably alien of all the imported statues on Queensland war memorials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1921, the memorial at Howard demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements. As a digger statue it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Howard memorial is of aesthetic significance both as a landmark and for its high degree of workmanship and design. It occupies a prominent corner, providing a focus for the entire town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The memorial has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. It also has a special association with monumental mason, John T Satchwill as an example of his work.</p><br>
<p>Colonsay Farm is a heritage-listed farm at 125 Doolong Road, Kawungan, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1909. It is also known as Doolong Farm. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonsay (formerly known as Doolong Farm) at Kawungan in Hervey Bay stands on 62.9 hectares (155.4 acres) of a former 80.9 hectare (200 acre) farm selected by a Danish immigrant in 1879. The existing structures were built during the first half of the 20th century, the high point of dairying in Queensland, and they illustrate past dairy farming practices in the Wide Bay region. The farm complex includes a residence, a slab barn with early hand milking dairy, a separator shed/cream house, two piggeries and a 1940s walk-through electrified dairy with yards.</p><br>
<p>European settlement at Hervey Bay began with the establishment of the pastoral run Dalgaroom (16,000 acres) in the mid 1850s, and timbergetting commenced in the district in the mid 1860s. Under the Crown Lands Alienation Act (1868) the entire Wide Bay region was declared a settled area and large land holdings were no longer permitted. Dalgaroom run was reduced to 14,000 acres and renamed Toogoom, while the balance of the land was set aside for a railway reserve. From 1870 the Toogoom run was resumed and cut into blocks for sale. Many selectors around Hervey Bay were Danish immigrants, arriving from 1871 as part of an assisted migration scheme. Farms in the Pialba area grew fruit, maize and potatoes, but they did not prosper beyond a subsistence level until the railway from Colton to Pialba opened in December 1896.</p><br>
<p>Another crop grown by local selectors was sugar. Four small sugar mills operated at Pialba in the 1880s, including a mill opened in 1883 by Hansen and Jorgensen, just southeast of Colonsay farm. Although all the Pialba mills had closed by 1889, following the opening of the railway to Pialba the district became a major supplier of cane to the Maryborough Sugar Factory, Mount Bauple Central Mill, Doolbi Mill and Isis Central Mill.</p><br>
<p>Besides sugar, a potential source of income for local farmers was dairy farming, which did not develop as a major industry in Queensland until the early 20th century. Initially, Queensland pastoralists or local farmers kept a few cows for domestic purposes, and small dairy operations supplied milk and butter to limited local markets. However, a combination of introduced grass species, technological advances, improved transportation networks and government encouragement through legislation encouraged the rise of commercial dairy farming in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The advent of mechanical cream separators in Australia in the 1880s, the Babcock butterfat test in the 1890s, government grading of butter and the start of refrigerated shipping from Brisbane in 1884 also helped to encourage dairying. In addition, the spread of Queensland&#39;s railway network meant that some cream could be easily transported to butter factories and butter could be carried from the factories to ports for export. A further impetus for dairying was the Co-operative movement, where producers held shares in the enterprises that processed and sold their product.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 about 78% of Queenslands milk production went into making butter, and in 1928 about 10% of Queenslands population was largely dependent on the dairy industry. By 1929 the Wide Bay district (of which Hervey Bay was a part) was the second highest milk producer after the Moreton District. However, when the dairy industry declined in Queensland from the 1950s onwards, due to increased competition, a loss of butter markets and higher overheads, many farmers either switched to bulk milk production or left the industry. While some old dairies were upgraded by those farmers who remained in the industry, the rest were demolished, used for storage or left derelict.</p><br>
<p>In the Pialba district in the 1890s cream separators were too expensive for individual farmers to buy, and as a result a creamery opened at Aalborg (named after the town in Denmark, now known as Nikenbah). Creameries separated the cream from milk, so the cream could then be sent to a butter factory, and the farmers could take the remaining skim milk home to feed to their calves or pigs. Due to this process pig farming became a common adjunct to dairy farming. In 1901 a butter factory opened at Maryborough and Pialba farmers were able to buy their own cream separators from the factory, on credit against future payments for their cream.</p><br>
<p>Both sugar and cream have been produced on Colonsay, a farm which was first established by Anders Jensen. Born in Aalborg, Denmark in 1848 Jensen had fought in the Second Schleswig War of 1864. He arrived in Queensland on 4 March 1871 on the ship Reichstag out of Hamburg, along with 328 other immigrants, mostly Danes and Germans. Of the 6400 Danes in Australia by 1891, about half lived in Queensland, and as skilled farmers they played an important role in the Australian dairy industry.</p><br>
<p>Jensen married Magdalena (Madeline) Mortensen in Maryborough in 1872 and in January 1879 he applied to lease land in the parish of Urangan, County of March, under the Crown Lands Alienation Act (1876). Jensen resided on this selection, located about 4.5 km northeast of Aalborg, from March 1879 and Portion number 1212, of 200 acres, was surveyed in May of that year. The survey map indicated that the land was covered with "heavy forest" in the north and "scrub" in the south.</p><br>
<p>Portion 1212 was inspected in June 1883, and a rough map produced from this inspection shows that Jensen&#39;s house was situated in the south- east corner of the selection. This was a four roomed house, built with pine palings and covered with pine shingles. Other structures included a kitchen, fowl house, stable, pig house, and underground tank. Out of a total of 10 acres of scrub cleared and burnt, five acres of land were planted with sugar cane, and the rest was planted with corn, potatoes and fruit trees. The uncultivated land was used for cattle and horses.</p><br>
<p>Jensen applied to purchase his selection of 2nd Class pastoral land in November 1883. A Deed of Grant was registered to Jensen in February 1884, and later that month the farm was transferred to James Buchanan. Jensen repurchased the farm from Buchanan&#39;s widow early in 1902, and later that year he sold 40 acres of the farm (in the southeast corner, which included the site of his first house) to Hans Jorgensen. Anders Jensen is listed in the Queensland Post Office Directory as a farmer at Pialba from 1900 to 1910 and when his wife Magdalena died in June 1906 Anders is listed on her death certificate as living at Doolong Farm, Urangan. Anders died in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Doolong farm was sold to Alexander Macpherson, a railway guard, in late 1909. According to the Macpherson family the current farmhouse was built around this time, using timber from the property. While the current house was being constructed the Macphersons lived in another house (built by either Buchanan or Jensen) located very close by, but this later burnt down. A joint title for Alexander Macpherson and his son Alexander Macpherson junior was registered in February 1913, and the latter received full title to the land in February 1925. Both men and their wives lived in the house for several years prior to the younger Macpherson&#39;s sole ownership of the farm, and louvres were added to the front veranda to form a sitting area for the younger couple. At this time sugar was grown on the southern part of the farm, while the front 100 acres was used for grazing. The slab barn southeast of the house, with its handmilking bails at its east side, was most likely built by the Macphersons.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Macpherson junior died in April 1944, and the farm was transferred to Harold Spall in 1945 and then to Heinrich Steinhardt in 1949. Steinhardt grew sugar cane, ran a small dairy herd, and grew some small crops and melons. The paling fence in front of the house may have been built during his occupation, and the "walk-through" electrified dairy north of the house was probably built in the 1940s, either by Spall or Steinhardt. The old walk-through style of dairy has now been superseded within the dairy industry by herringbone or rotary-style dairies. Later owners of the farm included Herbert and Marjorie Dunn (1952) and Thomas and Rose Cornwell (1954). Walker and Jean Redman owned the farm briefly in 1968, and moved the dairy cows to another property, before the farm was resold to Marshall John McFie and Mavis Joan McFie, who moved in later that year.</p><br>
<p>After the McFies purchased the farm (which they named after the McFie clans ancestral home, the island of Colonsay off the west coast of Scotland) they made some changes to the house, including enclosing the southeast verandah with casement windows and weatherboards, and relining the walls of the enclosed southwest verandah adjacent to the kitchen. Small residential blocks were subdivided off the farm for the McFies children in 1984, 1986 and 1994, along with some land for road purposes, and by 2008 the farm covered 155.4 acres (62.9 hectares). It is now used for beef cattle, and is slowly being enveloped by new housing estates as the urban area of Hervey Bay expands.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Colonsay Farm is located on Doolong Road, at Kawungan in the southern portion of the city of Hervey Bay, and the farm buildings are accessed by a track that runs south from Doolong Road. The 1940s dairy sits about 170 m north of the house. The separator shed is about 20 m south-east of the house, under a large tree. The slab barn is about 60 m south-east of the house, and two piggeries are located just to the south of the barn.</p><br>
<p>The 1940s dairy is a rectangular timber building, partly open to the east. It has single-skin walls clad with weatherboards and a gabled roof clad with metal sheets which extends to cover a small verandah to the north-east. The building is divided into three sections by two internal walls lined with vertical boards. From north to south these include: a hay storage room with a doorway to the east, and corrugated iron cladding to part of the west wall; a "walk-through" style bail section open to the yards to the east, with four bails and four exit doors in the west wall, along with stainless steel milk lines above the bails; and the milk room, containing a cream separator, milk cooling equipment, power board, electric motor and other machinery, two benches, wash trough and doors to the east and south. Floors are formed in concrete. Yards lie to the northeast and north of the dairy and are enclosed with timber post and rail fences. There is a concrete water tank to the south of the building.</p><br>
<p>The house is highset on timber stumps, with an understorey screened with timber battens. The basic plan of the house, which faces to the northeast, consists of a pyramid roofed central section which houses three bedrooms and a lounge, and a kitchen/bathroom wing which extends southwest from the northern rear corner of the house. There are verandahs to the northeast, southeast and southwest. The northwest end of the northeast verandah has been enclosed with weatherboards and timber louvres, and the southeast verandah is enclosed with weatherboards and casement windows to form several small rooms. The L-shaped southwest verandah is enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting, and the section of this verandah along the southeast side of the kitchen wing has become a dining room. There is a stove recess clad with corrugated metal sheeting at the southwest end of the kitchen. An internal stairway runs from the enclosed southwest verandah down to the understorey. Internal walls are lined with vertical timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The separator shed/cream house is a small, windowless, timber-framed structure clad with weatherboards. It is located under a large fig tree, stands on a concrete slab and has a steeply pitched roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. There is a doorway on the south side and ventilation gaps with wire netting at the top of each wall. Inside the shed are some timber shelves fixed to the wall studs.</p><br>
<p>The slab barn is a gable roofed structure with two skillion roofed side rooms, to the east and west. Large round timber posts form the frame of the building, and the walls of the central gabled section are clad in corrugated metal sheeting. The walls of the skillion side sections to the east and west are constructed with vertical timber slabs and some corrugated metal sheeting. The eastern skillion section contains four cow bails formed by timber posts and rails. At the head of the bails small hatches are cut into the wall, enabling the cows to be fed chaff prepared in the centre section of the barn.</p><br>
<p>The two piggeries stand south of the slab barn, with timber yards and low shelters consisting of timber frames with skillion roofs clad with corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Structures on the site which are not considered to be of heritage significance include: a vehicle shed located between the slab barn and the house; and two open vehicle sheds located south-east of the house, just east of the separator shed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Colonsay Farm (formerly Doolong Farm) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Colonsay Farm is an intact example of a small, early 20th century family dairy farm. It provides important evidence of the development of dairying in the Wide Bay District, a region which became the second highest milk producing area in Queensland. Dairy farming was once an important and widespread agricultural activity in Queensland, with about 10% of Queensland&#39;s population being largely dependent on the dairy industry by 1928.</p><br>
<p>The two types of dairy sheds on the farm, the handmilking bails in the slab barn, and the later "walk-through" dairy with electrically operated milking machines, demonstrate two phases in the evolution of dairy farming technology in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Colonsay Farm demonstrates a way of life, a function and a land use that was once common but is now uncommon. Small scale dairying was once a common means of earning regular income for farmers in rural areas of Queensland, particularly in the Wide Bay and Burnett region. After dairying declined in Queensland, many older dairy buildings were destroyed, abandoned or adapted for storage as farmers either left the industry or upgraded their buildings.</p><br>
<p>Farm complexes such as Colonsay, which still contain all the intact main elements of a pre-1950 dairy farm, such as a house, walk-through dairy, piggery, and separator shed or cream house, are increasingly uncommon.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Colonsay Farm is an intact example of a small, family-operated dairy farm, developed in the early 20th century. Comprising a house with a fenced front yard, an early 20th century slab barn with cow bails, a 1940s walk-through dairy with yards, a separator shed/cream house under a large fig (ficus) tree and two piggeries, it includes many of the principal characteristics of an early dairy farm.</p><br>
<p>Clevedon Hall is a mansion with 17 acre of land in Clevedon, North Somerset, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is not to be confused with Cliveden on the Thames near Taplow, nor other houses with similar names.</p><br>
<p>Dating back to the 19th century, it has been used as a private house, hospital school, telemarketing center, and wedding venue.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1852 in a loosely Jacobean Revival style with a symmetrical seven-bay range to the front. Some of the interior features were imported from Leigh Court. In front of the building is an ornate stone fountain of a female figure in Greek Revival style, with a relief including angels, lions and dolphins. The gate lodge and outbuildings are also in a Jacobean style. The lodge and has tall chimneys and a pantile roof. The perimeter stone wall on the south, west and northern side of the property is supported by square buttresses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clevedon Hall, originally named Frankfort Hall, was designed and built in 1852 by local architect firm Foster and Wood for Conrad William Finzel the 1st. Finzel was the owner of one of the UK’s largest sugar refining businesses, Finzel&#39;s Sugar Refinery in Bristol, whose site has been redeveloped as Finzels Reach. The house and estate was built on land which originally formed part of the Clevedon Court estate. Frankfort Hall estate initially consisted of a small lodge, stable block. Frankfort Hall was built on the northeast boundary of newly built Elton Road with a stable block and small lodge. Conrad William Finzel 1st died in 1859 leaving Frankfort Hall to his son, Conrad William Curling Finzel who expanded the land to 16 acre. C.W.C Finzel also built land holdings neighbouring Frankfort Hall with his partner John Budgett Esq.</p><br>
<p>According to the 1871 census, a head gardener was appointed to look after seven men, living in a second small lodge. Before this, in 1863, the carriage drive, a quarter of a mile long, was built from Victoria Road with gardens to the South of the hall being created by 1871. In 1877 John Budgett Esq. died. C.W C. Finzel had previously signed the deeds and his land share over to John before his death. John’s executors collected the property and land holdings, including C.W.C Finzel’s two properties; Frankfort Hall and The Salt House (a marine residence accessed along the drive and through the trees).</p><br>
<p>In 1877 the grounds of Frankfort Hall included: rustic summerhouses, melon pits, cucumber houses and detached stables and 3 acre of fruit and kitchen gardens. Two cottages and 70 acre of building land boasting views of the Bristol Channel and Welsh Hills accompanied The Salt House. Frankfort Hall was sold to Charles Hill around 1877 at which point the estate was renamed Clevedon Hall. Charles sold off the buildings and land he did not require leaving Clevedon Hall with a total of 54 acre, in 1897 a small plot of land was purchased situated south of the Victoria Gate. Charles Hill died in 1900 leaving Clevedon Hall unsold until 22 October 1907. The estate was sold in three lots, one purchased by E.A. Trapnell who bought one lot with 20 acre for £8,000.</p><br>
<p>E.A. Trapnell became bankrupt in 1913 and The London and Provincial Bank repossessed the estate. In 1918 Reverend Harold Nelson Burden and wife Katherine Burden bought Clevedon Hall, following their 10-year lease. A year later, Katherine Burden died and Harold remarried soon after to Rosa Williams; superintendent of Stoke Park Colony (national institution to care for people with learning or neurological problems). In 1926 Stokes Croft Estate signed ownership of Clevedon Hall for a 33-year lease. Whilst the Burdens lived at Clevedon Hall, its use changed to institutional and was used by neighbouring residents of Stoke Park for respite to work in the grounds and gardens. Harold Burden died in 1930.</p><br>
<p>Following his death, Rose Burden purchased Sailsbury Farm on the southern boundary of Clevedon Hall in 1932, increasing the land to 26 acre. When Rosa died Clevedon Hall was used as offices for by Bristol Aeroplane Company who used the annexe within the hall to educate boys from the Bristol Technical School. Between 1941 and 1944 an air-raid shelter, Red Cross Station and a mess hut were erected within the Clevedon Hall grounds.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, St Brandon’s Girls School, an independent girls boarding school bought Clevedon Hall who then sold land next to the carriage drive and some of the Salisbury Farm land. Across the following 40 years, new school buildings were constructed including the Junior School in 1971, which was extended in 1978 and again in 1989, remaining land was turned into a sports pitch. Other features included a sports hall, swimming pool, tennis courts and car parking. It erected some additional school buildings in the grounds, including a new wing which was opened by the Duchess of Gloucester in 1958. In the Burns&#39; Day storm in 1990, a conservatory collapsed, and a pupil was killed and four, or possibly five, others injured. St Brandon’s Girls School hit financial difficulty in 1990 forcing the Senior School to close a year later and selling the Infant and Junior Schools in 1992 but these continued to operate as educational institutions. St Brandon’s Girls School officially closed its doors in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Peter and Sally McCarthy bought Clevedon Hall in 1991 and used the buildings as commercial offices until 2009. On 27 November 2010, Clevedon Hall re-opened as a wedding, corporate or private events venue.</p><br>
